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Cell
Atoms
50 m
Molecules
Cell Biology
Cell
Smallest unit that can carry out all the activities required for the life of an organism
Cell Biology
Cell Properties / Organism Properties
Ability to reproduce Ability to grow Ability to process energy Ability to respond to the environment
Cell Biology
Organisms are composed of cells
Cell Biology
Multicellular Organism
Starts as a single cell (zygote)
Reproduces by division (mitosis)
Cells differentiate
Have different form and/or properties
Cell Biology
Cell Biology
In Cell Biology, we will be examining the many similarities (and some differences) of cells the similarities that make up the common STRUCTURAL and FUNCTIONAL properties of cells
Cell Biology
Biology - Study of life, living things
Biology is a multidisciplinary science Cell Biology - Study of cells To understand structure and function of cells, we need a basic understanding of Chemistry
Has a symbol usually 1 or 2 letters of its name (may be derived from Latin or German)
H = Hydrogen He = Helium
Examples:
Water: H2O = 2 Hydrogen : 1 Oxygen
Elements required by living organisms Atomic structure Chemical bonding Chemical reactions
Elements that make up about 4% of the human body Ca Calcium 1.5 P Phosphorus 1.0 K Potassium 0.4 S Sulfur 0.3 Na Sodium 0.2 Cl Chlorine 0.2 Mg Magnesium 0.1
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
(a)
(b)
Number of protons and electrons are generally the same - no net charge
Number of Neutrons
Can the number of neutrons vary in atoms of an element?
cells are incubated with compounds used to make DNA. One compound is labeled with 3H.
2 The cells are
placed in test tubes; their DNA is isolated; and unused labeled compounds are removed.
30 20 10 0
10
20 30 40 50 Temperature (C)
Cells containing radioactive DNA are exposed to a photographic emulsion. Then the emulsion is developed and viewed under a microscope.
Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Third shell (highest energy level) Second shell (higher energy level) First shell (lowest energy level) Atomic nucleus Energy absorbed
Energy lost
(b)
Fig. 2-9 Electron distribution diagrams for the first 18 elements in the periodic table
Hydrogen 1H
First shell
Atomic mass
2 He 4.00
Helium 2He
Electrondistribution diagram
Lithium 3Li Beryllium 4Be Boron 5B
Carbon 6C
Nitrogen 7N
Oxygen 8O
Fluorine 9F
Neon 10Ne
Second shell
Silicon 14Si
Phosphorus 15P
Sulfur 16S
Chlorine 17Cl
Argon 18Ar
First shell
Second shell
1s orbital
2s orbital
Three 2p orbitals
Atoms interact with certain other atoms in order to complete their valance shells
Such interactions result in atoms staying close together, and held by attractions called chemical bonds
Chemical bonding
Chemical reactions
Polar
Ionic bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Van der Waals interactions
Covalent Bond
Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms
If unshared orbitals overlap, each atom can count both electrons toward its goal of filling the valence shell
covalent bond
In each hydrogen atom, the single electron is held in its orbital by its attraction to the proton in the nucleus
Hydrogen atoms (2 H)
When two hydrogen atoms approach, the electron of each atom is also attracted to the proton in the other nucleus.
The two electrons become shared in a covalent bond, forming an H2 molecule Hydrogen molecule (H2)
Covalent Bonds
A single covalent bond, or single bond sharing of one pair of valence electrons A double covalent bond, or double bond sharing of two pairs of valence electrons
Covalent Bond - O2
Oxygen has 6 electrons in valence shell
Needs to add 2 e- to complete its valence shell
Two oxygen atoms can form a molecule by sharing two pairs of valence electrons
Forms a double covalent bond
Oxygen is 2
Nitrogen is 3
Carbon is 4
Phosphorus has a valence of 5, forming 3 single covalent bonds and 1 double bond
Covalent Bonds
Can form between atoms of the same element or atoms of different elements. While both types are molecules, the latter are also compounds Water, H2O, is a compound in which two hydrogen atoms form single covalent bonds with an oxygen atom
Spacefilling Model
Spacefilling Model
Covalent Bonds
Sharing of electrons between atoms
Some atoms have a greater attraction for an electron Electronegativity is a measure of the degree of attraction
H H2O
+ Partial positive
Partial positive
Covalent bonds
Nonpolar
Polar
Ionic bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Van der Waals interactions
Na
Cl
Na
Cl
Na Sodium atom
Cl Chlorine atom
Electron Transfer
Ionic Compounds
Compounds formed by ionic bonds
+ Hydrogen bond
Ammonia (NH3)
+ +
Covalent bonds
Nonpolar
Polar
Ionic bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Van der Waals interactions
(a)
y
Space-filling Model
Ball-and-stick Hybrid-orbital Model Model (with ball-and-stick model superimposed) Unbonded electron pair
104.5
Water (H2O)
Methane (CH4)
Brain cell
Endorphin receptors
Chemical bonding
Chemical reactions
Chemical bonds are broken and reformed, leading to new arrangements of atoms
The molecules at the beginning of a chemical reaction are called reactants The molecules at the end of a chemical reaction are called products
2 H2 Reactants
O2 Reaction
2 H2O Products
This is not what happens chemically, but is a balanced equation of the summarized reaction
3 H2 + N2
2 NH3
Chemical Equilibrium
Rate at which products are made is the same as the rate at which products are being broken down At equilibrium The reactions are still going on, but there is no net change in the concentrations of reactants and products a dynamic equilibrium At equilibrium the concentrations of reactants and products are typically not equal, but their concentrations have stabilized