Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Tutun Juhana
Telecommunication Engineering
School of Electrical Engineering & Informatics Institut Teknologi Bandung
Transport Layer
Computer Networks
Process-to-Process Communication
In client-server paradigm:
Client program defines itself ephemeral port number Short lived recommended to be greater than 1,023 Server process must use well-known port numbers
ICANN Ranges
Socket Addresses
Socket address is the combination of an IP address and a port number
10
11
Flow Control
12
13
Although flow control can be implemented in several ways, one of the solutions is normally to use two buffers. One at the sending transport layer and the other at the receiving transport layer
14
Error Control
1. Detect and discard corrupted packets. 2. Keep track of lost and discarded packets and resend them. 3. Recognize duplicate packets and discard them. 4. Buffer out-of-order packets until the missing packets arrive.
15
16
Sequence Numbers
17
Acknowledgment We can use both positive and negative signals as error control The receiver side
can send an acknowledgement (ACK) for each or a collection of packets that have arrived safe and sound can simply discard the corrupted packets
19
20
Congestion Control
Congestion control refers to the mechanisms and techniques to control the congestion and keep the load below the capacity
21
22
23
24
25
TRANSPORT-LAYER PROTOCOLS
26
Simple Protocol
27
Stop-and-Wait Protocol
28
29
Efficiency The Stop-and-Wait protocol is very inefficient if our channel is thick and long
By thick, we mean that our channel has a large bandwidth (high data rate) by long, we mean the round-trip delay is long The product of the above two is called the bandwidth-delay product We can think of the channel as a pipe. The bandwidth-delay product then is the volume of the pipe in bits The pipe is always there. If we do not use it, we are inefficient. The bandwidth-delay product is a measure of the number of bits a sender can transmit through the system while waiting for an acknowledgment from the receiver. 30
31
Pipelining In networking and in other areas, a task is often begun before the previous task has ended This is known as pipelining There is no pipelining in the Stop-and-Wait protocol because a sender must wait for a packet to reach the destination and be acknowledged before the next packet can be sent
32
Go-Back-N Protocol
33
34
35
36
Timers
Although there can be a timer for each packet that is sent, in our protocol we use only one. The reason is that the timer for the first outstanding packet always expires first. We resend all outstanding packets when this timer expires.
Resending packets
When the timer expires, the sender resends all outstanding packets
37
38
39
40
41
Selective-Repeat Protocol
42
43
44
45
46
47