TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

KCS 3233/KAS 4172

Prepared by : Madam Syarifah Anom Ibrahim

CHAPTER 1 Lecture 1
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DRIVER, PEDESTRIAN, VEHICLE AND THE ROAD
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1.1 DRIVER CHARACTERISTICS

14% of driver population comprise of 65 years old and above However, the ability to hear and see decreasing after 65years old. Human response process is the action taken by the drivers on a road, result from evaluation and reaction obtained from stimuli that they see or hear. However, it must be carried out in a very short time. Therefore, it is important to the highway & transportation engineer to have some fundamental knowledge of visual and hearing perception

5 types of visual perception

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Visual acuity Peripheral vision Colour vision Glare and recovery Depth perception

1. Visual acuity
Visual acuity is the ability to see fine details of an object. Two types of visual acuity; static & dynamic visual acuity. Factors that affect static acuity; background brightness, contrast and time. Most drivers have clear vision within the conical angle 3-5 degrees, 10-12 degrees fairly clear, beyond this angle, usually blurred.
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2. Peripheral vision
Peripheral vision is the ability to see objects beyond the cone of clearest vision. Although objects can be seen within this zone, but it not clear in details and colour. Factors affected; speed of vehicle & age of the driver

3. Colour vision
The ability to differentiate one colour from another. Deficiency of this ability is considered colour blindness

4. Glare vision & Recovery

There are 2 types of glare vision; direct & speculars. Direct glare vision occurs when relatively bright light appears in the individuals field of vision Speculars glare vision when image reflected by the relatively bright light appear in the field of vision Both conditions can cause discomfort to the eyes. From dark-bright ; 3 seconds glare recovery From bright-dark; > 6 seconds glare recovery By age of 40, people are more sensitive to the glare.

5. Depth perception
The ability of a person to estimate speed and distance. It is importance on 2-lane highways during passing maneuvers This is due to the ability of human eye to differentiate between objects However, human eye is not very good to estimate absolute speeds, distance, size and accelerations. That is why traffic control device are standard in size, shape and colour
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6. Hearing perception
The ear receives sound limit, which is important to the drivers only when warning sound, usually during emergency Lost in hearing ability is not a serious problems, since it can be fitted by hearing aid

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Perception reaction process

1. = the driver sees the control device, warning sign or object on the road 2. = the driver identifies the objects and understand the stimulus. 3

Perception

Identification

. Emotion = the driver decide what action to take

4. = the driver executes the action decided during the emotion sub-process
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Reaction

 According to AASHTOO, recommended time for the perceptionreaction time is 2.5 seconds. JKR suggested 3 seconds EXAMPLE 1:
A driver with perception reaction time of 2.5 sec is driving at 65km/h when he observes that an accident has blocked the road ahead. Determine the distance that the vehicle will move before the driver could activate the brakes. The vehicle will continue to move at 65km/h during the perception reaction time of 2.5 sec.

SOLUTION:

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1.2 Vehicle characteristics

Geometric design criteria of the road is partly based on the ; static, dynamic & kinematics characteristics of the vehicle. Static; include weight & size of vehicle Dynamic; forces that causes the motion of vehicle

Kinematics; motion of vehicle without considering the forces

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Conversions
1m = 3.28 ft 1 ft = 0.3 meter 1 mile = 1609.3 meter 1 meter = 0.000621371 mile 1 pound/lb = 0.45kilogram 1 kilogram = 2.2 pound/lb

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1.2.1. Static Characteristics

The size the design vehicle for a highway is an important factor the determination of design standards for physical components of the highway These include; lane width, shoulder width parking bays and length of vertical curves. Table 3.1 shows the limit of static characteristics

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Table 3.2 : Dimension of Design Vehicle

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1.2.2 Kinematics characteristics

The important element among kinematics characteristics is the acceleration capability of the vehicle. For a standing start to a speed of 25km/h, typical maximum accelerations are;
For tractor-semi trailer truck = 0.9m/s For large car = 4.5m/s
For a speed change 0 to 48 km/hr, typical maximum accelerations are; - For tractor-semi trailer truck = 0.5m/s For large car = 3.1m/s For high-performance sport car = 4.3m/s
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1.2.3 Dynamic characteristic

1. 2. 3. 4. Several forces act on a vehicle while it in motion; Air resistance Grade resistance Rolling resistance Curve resistance

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1. Air resistance (Ra)

Ra

0.77 pC 0.5
g

Au

Ra = air resistance (kg) p = air density (1.227kg/m) CD = aerodynamic drag coefficient; 0.4(car), 0.5-0.8(trucks),0.5 typical v A = front cross sectional area (m) u = vehicle speed (km/h) g = gravity (9.81)
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2.Grade resistance
RG mg sin
wG RG 100

m= vehicle mass (kg.s/m) w = vehicle weight (kg) g = gravity (9.81) = incline angle () G = gradient (%)
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3. Rolling resistance (Rr)

Rr Crs 0.077 Crvu W
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R = rolling resistance force (kg) Crs = constant (0.012 for passenger car) Crv = constant (7 x 10-6 s2/m2) u = vehicle speed (km/h) W = gross vehicle weight (kg)
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4. Curve resistance
Rc

0.077 u W 0 .5
2

gR

Rc = curve resistance (kg) u = vehicle speed (km/h) W = gross vehicle weight (kg) g = acceleration (9.81) R = radius curvature (m)

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Power requirements
0.278Ru P 76

P Rv

P = horsepower delivered (hp)(1 hp = 0.75 kw) R = sum of resistance to motion (N) u = speed of vehicle (km/h) v = vehicle velocity (m/s)

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Example 2
Determine the horsepower produced by a passenger car traveling at a speed of 105 km/h on a straight road of 5% grade with a smooth pavement. Assume the weight of car is 1800kg and the cross-sectional area of the car is 3.8m (pg 77)

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1.3 Road characteristics

The road characteristics is related to stopping and passing sight distance because more related to the sub topic as discussed before. Sight distance Sight distance is a length of highway visibility ahead to the driver of a vehicle. There are 2 sight distance situation considered in the design.

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1.3.1 Stopping sight distance

SSD for design purpose, is usually taken as the minimum sight distance required for the driver to stop the vehicle after seeing an object in the vehicles path without hitting the object.

u2 SSD 0.278 ut a 254 G g

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Example 3
A temporary diversion has been constructed on a highway of +4% gradient due to major repairs that are being undertaken on a bridge. The maximum speed allowed on the diversion is 10mi/h(10km/h). Determine the minimum stopping sight distance on the highway.
Take a/g = 0.35 Perception reaction time = 2.5s

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1.3.2 Passing sight distance

The passing sight distance is the minimum sight distance on a 2-lane, 2-way highway that will permit a driver to complete a passing maneuver without colliding with opposing vehicle & without cutting off the passed vehicle

PSD d1 d 2 d 3 d 4
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