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TAXONOMY
is the practice and science of classification Linnaean taxonomy is the system most familiar to non-taxonomists Uses formal taxonomic ranks: (in order) KINGDOM, PHYLUM, CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY, GENUS, SPECIES Lower ranks: superfamily to subspecies strictly regulated
CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS
During the 1700s, Swedish botanist Carolus Linneus classified all then-known organisms into two large groups: the kingdoms Plantae and Animalia. Robert Whittaker in 1969 proposed five kingdoms: Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, and Monera. Other schemes involving an even greater number of kingdoms have lately been proposed, however most biologists employ Whittaker's five kingdoms.
Classification of Organisms
Recent studies suggest that three domains be employed: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. In 1978, Carl Woese devised a system of classification based on the cellular organization of organisms. It groups all organisms in 3 domains as follows: 1. Bacteria (cell walls contain peptidoglycan) 2. Archaea (cell walls, if present, lack peptidoglycan)
Classification of organisms
3. Eukarya, which includes the ff: * PROTISTS (slime molds, protozoa, and algae) * FUNGI (unicellular yeasts, multicultural molds, & mushrooms) * PLANTS (includes mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants) * ANIMALS (includes sponges, worms, insects, and vertebrates) * Others use the 2 domains & combined archaea & bacteria..
SCIENTIFIC NOMENCLATURE
OBJ: recognize the system of scientific nomenclature that uses two names: a genus and a specific epithet * the genus (plural - genera) capitalized * The specific epithet (species) follows and not capitalized The organism is referred to by both the genus and specific epithet (descriptive word) and both names are italicized or underlined
VIRUSES
Noncellular
infectious agents capable of causing certain diseases and cancers Non-living entities do not have a cellular structure Obligate parasites Discovered at the end of 19th century
Influenza virus
Papillomavirus
Kingdom Monera Living things included in the kingdom Monera are minute and single-celled prokaryotes (organisms that lack membrane-bound nuclei). Members of this kingdom are bacteria, cyanobacteria or blue-green algae and spirochetes. Some members of the same organism join together to form chains. Cyanobacteria is a type of organism, which is intermediate between algae and bacteria .
Their mode of nutrition is by absorbing food through the cell wall. In recent times, scientists have further divided the kingdom Monera into Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. The former refers to true bacteria, whereas the latter encompasses bacteria-like organisms that are adapted to extreme environmental conditions like hot springs and volcanic vents.
ARCHAEBACTERIA
Ancient
ARCHAEA
- like bacteria, consist of prokaryotic cells, but if have cell walls, the walls lack peptidoglycan; often found in extreme environments divided into 3 main groups: methanogens - produce methane as a waste product from respiration
extreme halophiles live in extremely salty environments extreme thermophiles live in hot sulfurous water such as hot springs - not known to cause disease in humans
EUBACTERIA
Anabaena
Salmonella Rhizobium
Streptomyces
In
simpler terms, the living things classified under Protista are unusual and diverse forms, which cannot be grouped in any of the four remaining kingdoms. For example, the simplest organisms on Earth, amoeba (a protozoan) and giant sea kelp belong to this kingdom. The members of Protista obtain nutrition by absorption, ingestion and photosynthesis.
Kingdom
Protista Protista includes single-celled eukaryotic organisms, which contain membrane-bound cell organelles. It includes organisms that are neither plants nor animals.
KINGDOM PROTISTA
PHYLUM
MICROSPORA
CILIOPHORA
ZOOMASTIGINA SPOROZOA
1. Phylum Sarcomastigophora
whip-bearing Flagella With chlorophyll movement: through flagella or pseudopodia Lack cilia Reproduce by gamete formation
Giardia lamblia
dinoflagellates
2. Phylum Sarcodina
proteus freshwater environment Amoeboids Movement: pseudopodia Phagocytosis Most - marine
Amoeba
3. Phylum Labyrinthomorpha
aquatic, some found in land can move only when surrounded with slime Reproduce sexually
Very
small phylum, most members of which are marine. Live as parasites on algae or seagrass. One genus, Labyrinthula, killed much of the eel grass on the Atlantic coast.
4. Phylum Apicomplexa
Parasitic
possess apical complexes to penetrate host cells Only male gametes with flagella Reproduce sexually & asexually
Babesia canis
5. Phylum Microspora
No
mitochondria Not capable of sexual reproduction With polar filament Parasites to both lower vertebrates & invertebrates No locomotory structures
Glugea hertwigi
6. Phylum Myxomycota
7. Phylum Ciliophora
ciliated called ciliates Paramecium 2 types of nuclei: macronucleus & micronucleus
Paramecium
8. Phylum Zoomastigina
zooflagellates Flagella for locomotion Euglena Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
9. Phylum Sporozoa
Mostly
Plasmodium vivax
Kingdom
Fungi Fungi are group of multi-cellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic, nonmotile organisms that form hyphae and mycelium. Members belonging to this kingdom lack chlorophyll, hence they are differentiated from plants.
The
type of organisms classified under Fungi include molds, yeasts, mildews, smuts and mushrooms. Their size may range from small microscopic yeasts to large mushrooms. Fungi derive their nutrients by absorption from dead and decaying organic materials.
FUNGI
Eukaryotes organisms whose cells have a distinct nucleus containing the cells genetic material (DNA), surrounded by a special envelope called the nuclear membrane may be unicellular or multicellular large multicellular fungi, such as mushrooms, may look somewhat like plants, but they cannot carry out photosynthesis, as most plants can
true fungi have cell walls composed primarily of a substance called chitin unicellular - yeasts, are oval microorganisms that are larger than bacteria most typical fungi are molds - form visible masses called mycelia, which are composed of long filaments (hyphae) that branch & intertwine
Can
reproduce sexually or asexually they obtain nourishment by absorbing solutions of organic material from their environment - soil, seawater, fresh water, or an animal or plant host organisms called slime molds have characteristics of both fungi and amoeba
PHYLA
BASIDIOMYCOTA ZYGOMYCOTA
ASCOMYCOTA
OOMYCOTA DEUTEROMYCOTA
1. PHYLUM BASIDIOMYCOTA All species produce spores on a special structure called the basidium Includes mushrooms, bracket fungi, rusts that infect trees, and smuts that infect corn
2. PHYLUM ZYGOMYCOTA
Reproduce
by conjugation resulting into a zygosphore, a fungus which attacks fruits Bread mold - Rhizopus
Bread mold
3. PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA
Sac
morel
Powdery mildews
4. PHYLUM OOMYCOTA
WATER
MOLDS Parasitize fishes and some food crops Found in water or moist habitat Saprolegnia
5. PHYLUM DEUTEROMYCOTA
Imperfect
Kingdom Plantae multi-cellular, autotrophic, eukaryotic, non-motile living things. The type of organisms included in this kingdom are algae, mosses, ferns, flowering and non-flowering plants. These organisms contain the photosynthetic pigment, called chlorophyll.
Hence,
they synthesize their own food by means of photosynthesis, which takes place in the presence of carbon dioxide, water and sunlight.
NINE DIVISIONS:
Pterophyta Psilophyta
Sphenophyta
Lycophyta Coniferophyta
NONVASCULAR PLANTS
Bryophyta
Hepatophyta Anthocerophyta
Division Bryophyta
Mosses
Rhizoids
Division Hepatophyta
Liverworts
Division Anthocerophyta
hornworts
1. Division
Pterophyta
4 major Phyla: 1. Cycadophyta - cycads 2. Ginkgophyta maiden hair tree 3. Gnetophyta - Gnetum 4. Coniferophyta - conifers
Division Anthophyta
multi-cellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic and motile living things insects, worms, fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals They cannot synthesize food and their mode of nutrition is by ingesting food. feed either on plants or other living things.
INVERTEBRATES
Phylum
1. Phylum Porifera
Sponges Filter
feeders Composed of 2 layers of cells: epidermal & collar cells With flagella
2. Phylum Cnidaria
hollow, tubelike bodies Nematocysts With 2 layers of tissue: epidermis & gastrodermis umbrella-shaped jellyfish tubelike polyp
3. Phylum Ctenophora
4. Phylum Platyhelminthes
flatworms Hollow sac with a single opening for food & waste excretion Planaria harmless flatworm
5. Phylum Nemertea
shallow-water marine organisms Also with terrestrial nemertines Moist environments Unsegmented bodies
6. Phylum Rotifera
freshwater With wheel or crown of cilia
7. Phylum Nematoda
round bodies with cuticle Ascaris Bilaterally symmetrical hookworms
8. Phylum Mollusca
With
soft bodies With hard protective shells squids Octopus Mussels, clams, oysters
9. Phylum Annelida
with ring-like body parts With mouth at front-end & anus at tail-end With heart & blood vessels terrestrial annelids: earthworms & leeches
animals spine-bearing plates Endoskeleton With tube feet & system of canals Different kinds of symmetry
CLASSES
Agnatha lampreys & hagfishes, jawless 2. Chondrichthyes fishes with cartilage; have gills, fins & scales sharks & rays
1.
AGNATHA
3. Osteichthyes bony fishes 4. Amphibia land & water 5. Reptilia hard body coverings, cold-blooded 6. Aves birds, warm-blooded 7. Mammalia have hair, gave birth to their young alive, nurse their young, homeothermous (warm-blooded)