3.

0 COMPUTER NETWORKS & COMMUNICATION

3.1 Basic concepts of networks and communication

3.1.1 Definition

Computer networks Definition : A collection of computers and devices connected together via communication devices and transmission media Communication Definition : A process in which two or more computers or devices transfer data, instructions and information

3.1.2 Importance of Computer Networks

Can access information communicate with each other from different place

Share hardware, Software and information

Importance of Computer Network and Communication

Make a new friends

Easy to communicate

Data delivery e.g: Email

Cost reduction

3.1.3 Types of Networks

LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

LAN (Local Area Network)

A LAN is a network that connect s computers and devices in a limited area such as home, school computer laboratory, office building or closely positioned group of buildings Each computer or devices on the network (node) often shares resources such as printers, large hard disks and programs. Often, the nodes are connected via cables

LAN (Local Area Network)

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

A MAN is a high-speed network that connects local area network in a metropolitan area such as city or town an handles the bulk of communication activity across that region. A MAN typically includes one or more LANs, but cover a smalller geographic area than a WAN.

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

WAN (Wide Area Network)

A WAN is a network that covers a large geographic area (such as city, country or the world) using a communication channel that combines many types of media such as telephone lines, cables and radio waves. A WAN can be one large network or can consist two or more LANs connected together. The internet is the worlds largest WAN

WAN (Wide Area Network)

Test your mind

computer

server

city

Different country

3.1.4 Network Architecture

The design of computers, devices, and media in a network, sometimes called the network architecture, is categorized as Client/server Peer-to-peer

Client/server
On a client/server network, one or more computer act as server, and the other computers on the network request service from the server

Client/server
SERVER The file servers become the heart of the system, providing access to resources and providing security.

CLIENT

Individual workstations (clients) have access to the resources available on the file servers.

Peer-to-peer

Peer-to-peer network is a simple, inexpensive network that typically connects fewer that 10 computers Each computer (peer) has equal responsibilities and capabilities, sharing hardware (such as printer), data or information with other computers Each computer stores files on its own storage devices

3.1.5 Network Topology

A network topology refers to the layout of the computers and devices in a communications network. Three commonly used network topologies are bus, ring and star Networks usually use combinations of these topologies

NETWORK TOPOLOGY

TYPES OF TOPOLOGY

NETWORK TOPOLOGY
STAR TOPOLOGY

nodes on a network are connected to hub or switch to prevent from collision use dedicated link common network layout used today in LAN layout each workstation is connected point-to-point to a single central location

STAR TOPOLOGY
Advantages Disadvantages
Requires

Easy

to install and wire. No disruptions to the network then connecting or removing devices. Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.

more cable length than a linear topology. If the hub or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled. More expensive than linear bus topologies because of the cost of the concentrators.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY
RING TOPOLOGY

- Simple design - Consists of a single cable that forms the main data path in the shape of a ring - Each device is connected to a closed loop of cable - Signals travel in one direction from one node to all other nodes around the loop - To prevent from collision

RING TOPOLOGY
Advantages Disadvantages

Since

data travels in only one direction, there is no danger of data collision.

A failure

in any cable or device breaks the loop and can take down the entire network.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY
BUS TOPOLOGY

- The server is at one end - The client PCs (devices) are connected at different points or positions along the network - All signals pass through each of the devices - It is easy get collision

BUS TOPOLOGY
Advantages Disadvantages
Entire

Easy

to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear bus. Requires less cable length than a star topology.

network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable. Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable. Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down. Not meant to be used as a stand-alone solution in a large building.

DIFFERENTIATE
ASPECT RING BUS STAR

ARCHITECTURE

TRANSMISSION OF DATA

Travel from device to device around the entire ring

The bus is the physical cable that connects the computers other devices Fast

Data transfers from one node to another note with pass through the hub

RESPONS TME Slowest Faster

DISTRUPTION OF NETWORK AFFECTED

Affected

Not Affected

Not Affected

3.1.6 Protocol
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol)

TCP/IP is a network standard or protocol that defines how messages (data) are routed from one end of a network to the other, ensuring the data arrives correctly TCP/IP has been adopted as a network standard for internet communication. Thus, all hosts on the internet follow the rules defined in this standard

3.1.7 Internet, Intranet, Extranet

Internet worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals

3.1.7 Internet, Intranet, Extranet

Intranet An internal network in organization that uses Internet technologies Intranet generally make company information accessible to employees and facilitate working in groups. Intranet applications :
1.

2. 3.

Electronic publishing of organizational material such as telephone directories, event calendars, procedure manuals, employee benefits information, and job posting Connection to internet Groupware applications such as project management, chat rooms, newsgroups, group scheduling, and video conferencing

3.1.7 Internet, Intranet, Extranet

Extranet part of intranet that a company allows its customer or supplier to access Example : Package shipping companies, allow customers to access their intranet to print air bills, schedule pickups, and track shipped packages as the packages travel to their destinations.