2.

1 Latent heat
The power of tropical cyclones Introduction Latent heat
E
E

Latent heat and particle motion Check-point 1 Specific latent heat Check-point 2
2.1 Latent heat

The power of tropical cyclones

Tropical cyclones just like a travelling energy converter.

Internal energy of water vapour

2.1 Latent heat

Kinetic energy of the air

The power of tropical cyclones

The energy change in one day is up to 5.2 x 1019 J = 20 years supply of electricity of HK

2.1 Latent heat

Introduction
Change of state Matter exists in 3 states: solid, liquid, gas e.g. water
fusion at melting point vaporization at boiling point

ice

solidification at freezing point

2.1 Latent heat

water

condensation at boiling point

steam

Cooling curve
When a hot liquid is cooled down, its temperature drops. Graph of temperature vs time?
temperature

??
gas liquid solid time

2.1 Latent heat

Experiment 2a
Cooling curve of octadecan-1-ol

Record the temperature of the molten octadecan-1-ol as it cools down.

Video
2.1 Latent heat

Video

Cooling curve

Here is a cooling curve of octadecan-1-ol .

temperature / C

C D

AB drops steadily liquid cooling

(temperature falling )
2.1 Latent heat

Cooling curve
temperature / C

C D

BC is flat liquid solidifying

(temperature unchanged)
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Cooling curve
temperature / C

C D

CD drops steadily solid cooling to room

temperature (temperature falling)
2.1 Latent heat

Cooling curve
temperature / C

10

melting point

C D

melting point: read from the flat part BC

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Cooling curve

11

Simulation

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Latent heat

12

The cooling curve shows: When a substance is solidifying,

it loses energy continuously but...

its temperature remains unchanged
2.1 Latent heat

Latent heat

13

During change of state:

The energy given out/absorbed is called latent heat

means hidden

2.1 Latent heat

Latent heat

14

Ice-water mixture stays at 0 C until all the ice is melted. temperature unchanged energy is absorbed from air to change the ice to water This energy is called latent heat of fusion of ice.
2.1 Latent heat

Latent heat

15

Energy supplied continuously to keep water boils

temperature unchanged energy is absorbed to change the water to stream This energy is called latent heat of vaporization of water.
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steam condensation

releases latent heat of vaporization

water

ice
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steam condensation

vaporization

water

absorbs latent heat of vaporization

ice
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steam condensation vaporization

releases latent heat of fusion

water solidification
ice
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steam condensation

vaporization

water solidification
ice
2.1 Latent heat

fusion

absorbs latent heat of fusion

Latent heat and particle 20 motion

Regular arrangement breaks up

molecule

strong attraction

weak attraction

2.1 Latent heat

Energy has to be supplied to oppose the attractive force of the particles.

PE

Latent heat and particle 21 motion

PE related to the forces of attraction between the particles solid liquid or liquid gas average potential energy
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Latent heat and particle 22 motion

The transfer of energy does not change the KE. Temperature does not change.
latent heat = change in PE during change of state

Simulation
2.1 Latent heat

Check-point 1
Q1 Describe the energy change of the water molecules at each step below In converting 1 kg of ice at 0 C to steam at 100 C. (use the words increase, decrease, and unchanged)

23

2.1 Latent heat

Check-point 1 Q1

24

Kinetic energy

unchanged ____________

increase Potential energy ____________ increase Internal energy ____________

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Check-point 1 Q1

25

Kinetic energy

increase ____________

unchanged Potential energy ____________

increase Internal energy ____________
2.1 Latent heat

Check-point 1 Q1

26

Kinetic energy

unchanged ____________

increase Potential energy ____________ increase Internal energy ____________

2.1 Latent heat

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e.g.

Specific latent heat

energy E
without temp. change 1 kg solid X 1 kg liquid X

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Specific = for 1 kg of a substance

E = latent heat for 1 kg of X

= specific latent heat of X
2.1 Latent heat

Specific latent heat

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Energy transferred to change the state of 1 kg of the substance without a change in temperature.

symbol: l unit: J kg1

E l m

or E = ml

2.1 Latent heat

29 Specific latent heat of fusion of ice (lf ) = 3.34 x 105 J kg1

lf = energy needed to change 1 kg of ice to

water (without temperature change)

Find mass melted m and energy transferred E lf = E/m

2.1 Latent heat

Video

Experiment 2b

30

Measuring the specific latent heat of fusion of ice

Video

Simulation
2.1 Latent heat

Experiment 2b
control apparatus experimental apparatus

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Measuring the specific latent heat of fusion of ice

Ice also melts at room temperature, so a control is needed.

2.1 Latent heat

Experiment 2b

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Measuring the specific latent heat of fusion of ice

For ice, lf = 3.34 105 J kg1

ice (0 C)

water (0 C)

2.1 Latent heat

Specific latent heat of fusion of ice (lf )

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2.1 Latent heat

Specific latent heat of vaporization of water (lv)

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lv = energy needed to change 1 kg of water

to steam (without change of temperature)

Find mass boiled away m and energy transferred E

lv = E/m
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Experiment 2c

35

Measuring the specific latent heat of vaporization of water

Video

Simulation
2.1 Latent heat

Experiment 2c

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Measuring the specific latent heat of vaporization of water

For water, lv = 2.26 106 J kg1

water (0 C)

steam (0 C)

2.1 Latent heat

Specific latent heat of vaporization of ice (lv )

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2.1 Latent heat

Specific latent heat of vaporization of ice (lv )

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Check-point 2
1 2 3-5 Consider a cup of water... When vapour condenses... Jimmy melts three materials...

39

Fill in the value of energy at

2.1 Latent heat

Check-point 2 Q1 Consider a cup of water (mass m) being heated from 0 C until it starts to boil at 100 C.
Since E = mcT and E = mlv

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mcT = mlv lv = cT = 4200 100 = 420 kJ kg1

Is the student correct? (Yes/No)

2.1 Latent heat

Check-point 2 Q2

41

When vapour condenses, is the surrounding air warmed or cooled?

(warmed/cooled)

2.1 Latent heat

Check-point 2 Q3
Jimmy melts three materials X, Y and Z of equal mass at the same time and place.
Temperature / C
Z Y

42

time / s 0 0.5 1.2 2.3 3.7

2.1 Latent heat

Check-point 2 Q3
Temperature / C

43
Z

time / s 0 0.5 1.2 2.3 3.7

Which material(s) has/have the greatest melting point? (X/Y/Z)

2.1 Latent heat

Check-point 2 Q4
Temperature / C C Y

44
Z
X

time / s 0 0.5 1.2 2.3 3.7

Which material(s) has/have the largest value of specific latent heat of fusion? (X/Y/Z)
2.1 Latent heat

Check-point 2 Q5
Temperature / C

45
Z

time / s 0 0.5 1.2 2.3 3.7

Which material(s) release(s) largest amount of energy (per kg) when they freeze? (X/Y/Z)
2.1 Latent heat

Check-point 2 Q6
Fill in the value of energy at each step for changing 1 kg of ice at 0 C to steam at 100 C.

46

Energy needed 3.34 x 105 J 4200 x 100 J + = _____________ + ____________ _______________ 2.26 x 106 J
= _____________ 3.014 x 106 J
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The End

2.1 Latent heat

Finding specific latent heat of fusion of ice

Example 1
Mass of water

48

Result of melting experiment in experimental cup: m1 = 0.050 kg

in control cup: initial:

final:
2.1 Latent heat

m2 = 0.014 kg j1 = 15 000 J
j2 = 29 200 J

Joulemeter reading

Finding specific latent heat of fusion of ice

Example 1

49
Results:

(a)

Find the specific latent heat of fusion of ice.

m1 = 0.050 kg m2 = 0.014 kg j1 = 15 000 J j2 = 29 200 J

lf = E/m
= (j2 j1)/(m2 m1) = 3.94 10 J kg1
2.1 Latent heat

= (29 200 15 000)/(0.050 0.014)

5

Finding specific latent heat of fusion of ice

Example 1
(b)

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Account for any difference of the value obtained from the standard 5 1 value, 3.34 10 J kg .
Experimental value = 3.94 105 J kg1

There is a rather large error of 18%. The possible sources of error are: Difficulty in keeping the water dripping down the two funnels at the same rate. Energy lost to the surroundings.
2.1 Latent heat

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Example 2
Heating ice

52

How much energy is required to melt 0.5 kg of ice at 0 C temperature raised to 80 C? Total energy required = latent heat (ice at 0 C water at 0 C) + energy (water: 0 C 80 C) = mlf + mcT

= 0.5 3.34 105 + 0.5 4200 80

= 3.35 105 J
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2.1 Latent heat

Example 3

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Finding specific latent heat of vaporization of water

Result of boiling experiment Mass of water boiled away = 0.10 kg KW h meter calibration = 600 turns/kW h Number of rotations counted = 41

(a)

Find the specific latent heat of vaporization of water.

2.1 Latent heat

Example 3

55

Finding specific latent heat of vaporization of water

kW h meter calibration = 600 turns/kW h 1 kW h = 1 kW 1h = 3.6 106 J Energy supplied per revolution of the disc = 3.6 106/600 = 6000 J Energy supplied to boil 0.10 kg of water = 6000 41 = 246 000 J Number of rotations = 41 Specific latent heat of vaporization of water

lv = E/m = 246 000/0.10 = 2.46 106 J kg1

2.1 Latent heat

Example 3
(b)

56

Finding specific latent heat of vaporization of water

Account for any difference of the value obtained from the standard value, 2.26 106 J kg1.
Experimental value = 2.26 106 J kg1

There is an error of about 9%. 1 Steam condensing on the heater drips back into the cup. 2 Some water bubbles out of the cup. 3 Energy lost to the surroundings.
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2.1 Latent heat

Example 4
Heating water

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How much energy is required to change 0.5 kg of water at 0 C to stream at 100 C.

m = 0.5 kg
T = 100 C 0 C = 100 C

2.1 Latent heat

Example 4
Heating water

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m = 0.5 kg, T = 100 C 0 C = 100 C

The total energy required = energy (water: 0 C 100 C) + latent heat (water at 100 C steam at 100 C) = mcT + mlv = 0.5 4200 100 + 0.5 2.26 106
= 2.1 105 + 11.3 105 = 1.34 106 J
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2.1 Latent heat

Example 5
Making coffee with steam

61

An expresso coffee machine injects 0.025 kg of steam at 100 C into a cup of cold coffee of mass 0.15 kg at 20 C. specific heat capacity of the coffee = 5800 J kg1 C

Find the final temp. of the expresso coffee.

2.1 Latent heat

Example 5
Making coffee with steam

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0.025 kg of steam at 100 oC 0.15 kg of coffee at 20 oC

Let T be the final temperature of the coffee. Assuming no energy loss to the surroundings, energy loss energy gained = by steam by coffee
0.025 2.26 106 = 0.15 5800 (T 20) + 0.025 4200 (100 T )

Solving the equation, The temperature T of the coffee is 86.6 C.

2.1 Latent heat

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2.1 Latent heat

Example 6
Steam and hot water

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Assume that the temperature of the skin is 33 C. Find the energy released when (a) water of mass 15 g at 100 C, and (b) steam of mass 15 g at 100 C are each spilt on the hand.

2.1 Latent heat

Example 6
Steam and hot water

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(a) The energy released

= mcT
= 0.015 x 4200 x (100 33) = 4.221 x 103 J

2.1 Latent heat

Example 6
Steam and hot water

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(b) Steam at 100 C will change to water at the same temperature first and latent heat is released. Total energy released = ml + mcT = 0.015 x 2.26 x 106 + 4221

= 3.81 x 104 J
2.1 Latent heat

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2.1 Latent heat