ANALYSIS OF SECTION

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By:
Masni A. Majid
masni@uthm.edu.my
Consider a simply supported beam subjected to gradually
increasing load. The load causes the beam to bend and exert a
bending moment as shown in figure below.
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Behavior of Beam in Bending
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The top surface of the beam is seen
to shorten under compression, and
the bottom surface lengthens under
tension.
As the concrete cannot resist
tension, steel reinforcement is
introduces at the bottom surface to
resist tension.

For continuous beam, the loads also cause the to bend downward
between the support and upward bending over the support.
This will produce tensile zone as shown in figure below. As the
concrete cannot resist flexural tension, steel reinforcement would
be introduced as detail in the figure.
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Behavior of Beam in Bending
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In the design of reinforced concrete beam the following
assumptions are made (See EN 1991: Cl. 6.1 (2) P.)
Plane section through the beam before bending remain plane
after bending.
The strain in bonded reinforcement, whether in tension or
compression is the same as that in the surrounding concrete.
The tensile of the concrete is ignored.
The stresses in the concrete and reinforcement can be derived
from the strain by using stress-strain curve for concrete and
steel.

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Basic Assumption in RC Design
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Basic Assumption in RC Design
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Figure below shows the cross section of a RC beam subjected to
bending and the resultant strain and stress distribution in the
concrete.
Top surface of cross section are subjected to compressive stresses
while the bottom surface subjected to tensile stresses.
The line that introduced in between the tensile and compression
zones is known as the neutral axis of the member.
Due to the tensile strength of concrete is very low, all the tensile
stresses at the bottom fibre are taken by reinforcement.
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Distribution of Stresses and Strain
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For f
ck
< 50 N/mm
2
: = 1 (defining the effective strength),
c
= 0.0035,

cc
= 0.85, = 0.8,
c
= 1.5,
f
cd
= 1.0 x 0.85 x f
ck
/ 1.5 = 0.567 f
ck
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Distribution of Stresses and Strain
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d h
b
x

cc

st

f
cc

f
st
f
yd

f
cd

F
st

cc
f
ck
/
c

F
cc

z
s = x
(1) (2) (3)
Stress distribution in the concrete
The triangular stress distribution applies when the stress are
very nearly proportional to the strain, which generally occurs at
the loading levels encountered under working load conditions
and is, therefore, used at the serviceability limit state.
The rectangular-parabolic stress block represents the
distribution at failure when the compressive strain are within
the plastic range, and it is associated with the design for
ultimate limit state.
The equivalent rectangular stress block is a simplified alternative
to the rectangular-parabolic distribution.
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Distribution of Stresses and Strain
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The distribution of strains across the beam cross section is linear.
That is, the normal strain at any points in a beam section is
proportional to its distance from the neutral axis.
The steel strain in tension
st
can be determined from the strain
diagram as follows:

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Distribution of Stresses and Strain
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|
.
|

\
|

= =
x
x d
x x d
cc st
cc st
c c
c c
) (
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
cc
st
d
x
c
c
1
Therefore ;
Since,
cc
= 0.0035 for class C50/60 and
For steel with f
yk
= 500 N/mm
2
and the yield strain is
st
= 0.00217.
By substituting
cc
and
st
,

Hence, to ensure yielding of the tension steel at limit state the
depth of neutral axis, x should be less than or equal to 0.617d.

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Introduction
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d x 617 . 0 =
As applied moment on the beam section increased beyond
the linear elastic stage, the concrete strains and stresses enter
the nonlinear stage.
The behavior of the beam in the nonlinear stage depends on
the amount of reinforcement provided.
The reinforcing steel can sustain very high tensile strain
however, the concrete can accommodate compressive strain
much lower compare to it.
So, the final collapse of a normal beam at ultimate limit state
is cause by the crushing of concrete in compression,
regardless of whether the tension steel has yield or not.
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Type of RC Beam Failure
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Depending on the amount of reinforcing steel provided, flexural
failure may occur in three ways:
Balanced : Concrete crushed and steel yields simultaneously at the ultimate
limit state. The compressive strain of concrete reaches the ultimate strains
cu

and the tensile strain of steel reaches the yield strain
y
simultaneously. The
depth of neutral axis, x = 0.617d.

Under-reinforced : Steel reinforcement yields before concrete crushes. The
area of tension steel provided is less than balance section. The depth of
neutral axis, x < 0.617d. The failure is gradual, giving ample prior warning of
the impending collapse. This mode if failure is preferred in design practice.

Over-reinforced : Concrete fails in compression before steel yields. The area of
steel provided is more than area provided in balance section. The depth of
neutral axis, x > 0.617d. The failure is sudden (without any sign of warning)
and brittle. Over-reinforced are not permitted.
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Type of RC Beam Failure
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For a singly reinforced beam EC2 limits the depth to the neutral
axis, x to 0.45d (x 0.45d) for concrete class C50/60 to ensure
that the design is for the under-reinforced case where failure is
gradual, as noted above. For further understanding, see the graph
shown below .



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Introduction
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Section 6.1 EN 1992-1-1, deal with the analysis and design of
section for the ultimate limit state design consideration of
structural elements subjected to bending.
The two common types of reinforced concrete beam section are:
Rectangular section : Singly and doubly reinforced
Flanged section : Singly and doubly reinforced
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Analysis of Section
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Beam cross section, strains and stresses distribution at ULS of singly
reinforced rectangular beam
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Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam
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d h
b
x
0.0035

st

F
st

0.567f
ck

F
cc

z = d 0.5s
s = 0.8x
Neutral axis
Notation:
h = Overall depth d = Effective depth
b = Width of section s = Depth of stress block
A
s
= Area of tension reinforcement x = Neutral axis depth
f
ck
= Characteristic strength of concrete z = Lever arm
f
yk
= Characteristic strength of reinforcement
As
Tension force of steel, F
st

Compression force of concrete, F
cc

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Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam
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s
k
y
A f = 87 . 0
F
st
= Stress x Area
F
cc
= Stress x Area
bx f x b f
ck ck
454 . 0 ) 8 . 0 ( 567 . 0 = =
For equilibrium, total force in the section should be zero.
st cc
F F =
s yk ck
A f bx f 87 . 0 454 . 0 =
b f
A f
x
ck
s yk
454 . 0
87 . 0
=
Moment resistance with respect to the steel



Lets; Therefore;

Moment resistance with respect to the concrete



Area of tension reinforcement,












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Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam
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z F M
cc
=
( )( ) x d bx f M
ck
4 . 0 454 . 0 =
z F M
st
=
( )( ) x d A f M
s
k
y
4 . 0 87 . 0 =
K
d
x
d
x
=
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
4 . 0
1
454 . 0
( )
2
. .
4 . 0 454 . 0
d b f
d
x d
d
x
ck
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
=
2
. . . d b f K M
ck
=
) 4 . 0 .( . 87 . 0 x d f
M
A
yk
s

=

To ensure that the section designed is under-reinforced it is necessary
to place a limit on the maximum depth of the neutral axis (x). EC2
suggests:

Then ultimate moment resistance of singly reinforced section or M
bal

can be obtained by;









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Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam
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2 2
. . . @ . . . 167 . 0 d b f K d b f M
ck bal ck bal
=
( )( ) x d bx f M
ck bal
4 . 0 454 . 0 =
)] 45 . 0 ( 4 . 0 )].[ 45 . 0 ( . . 454 . 0 [ d d d b f M
ck bal
=
) 82 . 0 ).( . . . 2043 . 0 ( d d b f M
ck bal
=
x 0.45d
Therefore;
M = K.f
ck
.b.d
2
M
bal
= K
bal
.f
ck
.b.d
2
where; K
bal
= 0.167

If;
M M
bal
or K K
bal
: Singly reinforced rectangular beam
(Tension reinforcement only)
M > M
bal
or K > K
bal
: Doubly reinforced rectangular beam
(Section requires compression
reinforcement)

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Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam
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The cross section of rectangular beam is shown in figure below. Using
stress block diagram and the data given, determine the area and the
number of reinforcement required.
Data:
Design moment, M
ED
= 200 kN.m
f
ck
= 25 N/mm
2
f
yk
= 500 N/mm
2
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Example 3.1
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b = 250 mm
d = 450 mm
Calculate the ultimate moment resistance of section, M
bal




Singly reinforced section
Neutral axis depth, x

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Solution of Example 3.1
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2
. . . 167 . 0 d b f M
ck bal
=
) 450 )( 250 )( 25 ( 167 . 0
2
=
kNm M kNm 200 36 . 211 = > =
( )( ) x d bx f M
ck
4 . 0 454 . 0 =
) 4 . 0 450 )( )( 250 )( 25 ( 454 . 0 10 200
6
x x =
0 45 . 176211 1125
2
= + x x
x = 188 mm @ 937 mm
Use x = 188 mm
Checking;

Lever arm, z = (d 0.4x)
= (450 0.4(188)) = 374.8 mm
Area of reinforcement, A
s


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Solution of Example 3.1
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45 . 0 42 . 0
450
188
< = =
d
x
z f
M
A
yk
s
87 . 0
=
2
6
1227
) 8 . 374 )( 500 ( 87 . 0
10 200
mm =

=
) 1257 ( 20 4 Pr
2
mm A H ovide
sprov
=
Figure below shows the cross section of a singly reinforced beam.
Determine the resistance moment for that cross section with the
assistance of a stress block diagram. Given f
ck
= 25 N/mm
2
and f
yk
= 500
N/mm
2
.

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Example 3.2
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450 mm
250 mm
2H25

A stress block diagram is drawn with the important values and
notations.





For equilibrium;


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Solution of Example 3.2
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d = 450
b = 250
x
F
st
=0.87f
yk
A
s

0.567f
ck

F
cc
=0.454f
ck
bx
z = d 0.4x
s = 0.8x
Neutral axis
A
s
= 982 mm
2

st cc
F F =
s yk ck
A f bx f 87 . 0 454 . 0 =
b f
A f
x
ck
s yk
454 . 0
87 . 0
=


Checking;


Moment resistance of section;
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Solution of Example 3.2
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mm x 151
) 250 )( 25 ( 454 . 0
) 982 )( 500 ( 87 . 0
= =
45 . 0 34 . 0
450
151
< = =
d
x
z F M
cc
=
( )( ) x d bx f M
ck
4 . 0 454 . 0 =
)) 151 ( 4 . 0 450 )( 151 250 25 454 . 0 ( = M
kNm M 167 =
z F M
st
=
@
When the load applied increases gradually and it will reach a state
that the compressive strength of concrete is not adequate to take
additional compressive stress.
Compression reinforcement is required to take the additional
compressive stress.
This section is named as doubly reinforced section.

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Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam
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d h
b
d
As
As
Strain and stress block diagrams of doubly reinforced beam.
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Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam
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d h
b
x
0.0035

st

F
st

0.567f
ck

F
cc

z = d 0.4x
s = 0.8x
Neutral axis
d

sc

F
sc

As
As
z
1
= d d
Internal force;



Lever arms;

For equilibrium of internal force;



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Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam
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bx f F
ck cc
454 . 0 =
s yk st
A f F 87 . 0 = ' 87 . 0
s yk sc
A f F =
x d z 4 . 0 =
'
1
d d z =
sc cc st
F F F + =
' 87 . 0 454 . 0 87 . 0
s yk ck s yk
A f bx f A f + =
and
Taking moment about the centroid of the tension steel,


For design purpose, x = 0.45d




The area of compression reinforcement, A
s



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Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam
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1
. . z F z F M
sc cc
+ =
) ' ).( ' 87 . 0 ( ) 4 . 0 ).( 454 . 0 ( d d A f x d bx f M
s yk ck
+ =
) ' ).( ' 87 . 0 ( )] 45 . 0 ( 4 . 0 ).[ 454 . 0 ( d d A f d d bx f M
s yk ck
+ =
) ' ).( ' 87 . 0 ( 167 . 0
2
d d A f bd f
s yk ck
+ =
) ' ).( ' 87 . 0 ( d d A f M
s yk bal
+ =
) ' ( 87 . 0
) (
'
d d f
M M
A
yk
bal
s

=
) ' ( 87 . 0
) (
'
2
d d f
bd f K K
A
yk
ck bal
s

=
or
The area of Tension reinforcement, A
s

Multiplied equilibrium internal force equation by z ,
Limiting x = 0.45d and z = d 0.4(0.45d) = 0.82d

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Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam
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z A f bxz f z A f
s yk ck s yk
' 87 . 0 454 . 0 87 . 0 + =
z A f d d b f z A f
s yk ck s yk
' 87 . 0 ) 82 . 0 )( 45 . 0 ( 454 . 0 87 . 0 + =
z A f bd f z A f
s yk ck s yk
' 87 . 0 167 . 0 87 . 0
2
+ =
'
87 . 0
167 . 0
2
s
yk
ck
s
A
z f
bd f
A + = '
87 . 0
2
s
yk
ck bal
s
A
z f
bd f K
A + =
or
Stress in compression reinforcement.
The derivation of design formula for doubly reinforced section
assumed that the compression reinforcement reaches the design
strength of 0.87f
yk
at ultimate limit state.
From the strain diagram as shown in figure below.

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Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam
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d h
b
x
0.0035

st

d

sc

As
As
x d x
sc
0035 . 0
) ' (
=

c
0035 . 0
) ' (
sc
x
d x c
=

|
.
|

\
|
=
0035 . 0
1
'
sc
x
d c
For the design strength 0.87f
yk
to be reached,
sc
= 0.87f
yk
/ E
s






Therefore, if d/x < 0.38 the compression reinforcement can be
assumed reach the design strength of 0.87f
yk
. If d/x > 0.38, a reduced
stress should be used.
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Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam
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002175 . 0
10 200
) 500 ( 87 . 0
87 . 0
3
=

= =
s
yk
sc
E
f
c
38 . 0
0035 . 0
002175 . 0
1
'
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
x
d
sc s sc
E f c . =
) / ' 1 )( 0035 . 0 ( 10 200
3
x d f
sc
=
) / ' 1 ( 700 x d =
The cross section of rectangular beam is shown in figure below. Using
the data given, determine the area and the number of reinforcement
required.

Data:
Design moment, M
ED
= 450 kN.m
f
ck
= 25 N/mm
2
f
yk
= 500 N/mm
2

d = 50 mm


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Example 3.3
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b = 250 mm
d = 500 mm
Ultimate moment resistant of section, M
bal



Compression reinforcement is required

Area of compression reinforcement, A
s


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Solution of Example 3.3
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2
. . . 167 . 0 d b f M
ck bal
=
kNm M kNm 450 94 . 260 = < =
) 10 )( 500 )( 250 )( 25 ( 167 . 0
6 2
=
) 50 500 )( 500 ( 87 . 0 / 10 ) 94 . 260 450 (
6
=
) ' ( 87 . 0 / ) ( ' d d f M M A
yk bal s
=
2
966mm =
Checking d/x ratio



Compression steel achieved it design strength at 0.87f
yk

Area of tension steel, A
s




Provide 2H25 (A
s

Prov.
= 982 mm
2
) Compression reinforcement
5H25 (A
s Prov
. = 2454 mm
2
) Tension reinforcement


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Solution of Example 3.3
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mm d x 225 ) 500 ( 45 . 0 45 . 0 = = =
38 . 0 22 . 0 225 / 50 / ' < = = x d
966
) 500 82 . 0 ( 500 87 . 0
10 94 . 260
6
+


=
2
2429mm =
'
87 . 0
s
yk
bal
s
A
z f
M
A +
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Calculate moment resistance of the doubly reinforced section shown
in figure below. Given f
ck
= 30 N/mm
2
and f
yk
= 500 N/m
2
.


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Example 3.4
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d = 500 mm
b = 250 mm
d = 50 mm
3H20
5H25
A stress block diagram is drawn with the important values and
notations

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Solution of Example 3.4
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0.8x x
d

=

5
0
0

m
m

F
cc
= 0.454f
ck
bx
F
st
= 0.87f
yk
A
s

Z
Neutral Axis
b = 250 mm
F
sc
= 0.87f
yk
A
s

Z1
d = 50 mm
3H20
5H25
Reinforcement used 3H20, A
s
= 943 mm
2
& 5H25, A
s
= 2455 mm
2

Neutral axis depth, x




Checking the stress of steel



Steel achieved it design strength 0.87f
y
as assumed

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Solution of Example 3.4
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) 250 )( 30 ( 454 . 0
) 943 2455 )( 500 ( 87 . 0
454 . 0
) ' ( 87 . 0

=

=
b f
A A f
x
ck
s s yk
mm x 193 =
38 . 0 26 . 0 193 / 50 / ' < = = x d
45 . 0 39 . 0 500 / 193 / < = = d x
Moment resistance of section, M




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Solution of Example 3.4
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z F z F M
cc sc
. .
1
+ =
) 4 . 0 ( 454 . 0 ) ' ( ' 87 . 0 x d bx f d d A f
ck s yk
+ =
) 50 500 )( 943 )( 500 ( 87 . 0 =
6
10 )) 193 ( 4 . 0 500 )( 193 )( 250 )( 30 ( 454 . 0

+
kNm 462 =
Flanged beams occur when beams are cast integrally with and
support a continuous floor slab.
Part of the slab adjacent to the beam is counted as acting in
compression to form T- and L-beams as shown in figure below.

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Flange Beam
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Where;
b
eff
= effective flange
width
b
w
= breadth of the web
of the beam.
h
f
= thickness of the
flange.
b
eff
b
eff

b
w
b
w

h
f

h
T-Beam L-Beam
The effective width of flange, b
eff
is given in Sec. 5.3.2.1 of EC2.
b
eff
should be based on the distance l
o
between points of zero
moment as shown in figure below.

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Flange Beam
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The effective flange width, b
eff
for T-beam or L-beam may be
derived as:

Where
and


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Flange Beam
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b b b b
w
i
eff eff
s + E =
,
o o i i eff
l l b b 2 . 0 1 . 0 2 . 0
,
s + =
i i eff
b b s
,
Based on figure below, determine the effective flange width, b
eff
of
beam B/1-3.
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Example 3.5
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3000

4500

2
5
0
0

4
0
0
0

1 2 3
A
B
C
200 x 500

200 x 500
200 x 500

200 x 500

200 x 500

2
0
0

x

5
0
0

2
0
0

x

5
0
0

2
0
0

x

5
0
0

2
0
0

x

5
0
0

FS1 (150 thk.)

FS2 (150 thk.)

FS3 (150 thk.)

D
l
o
(distance between points of zero moment)







Effective flange width, b
eff

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Solution of Example 3.5
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3000 mm 4500 mm
l
o
= 0.85 x 3000
= 2550 mm
l
o
= 0.85 x 4500
= 3825 mm
l
o
= 0.15 x (3000 +
4500) = 1125 mm
1 2 3
b b b b
w
i
eff eff
s + E =
,







Span 1-2
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Solution of Example 3.5
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2500
4000
b
1
= 2500/2 = 1250 b
2
= 4000/2 = 2000
b
eff,1
b
eff,2
b
w
= 200 mm

b
eff
b

= 1250 + 2000 = 3250 mm
b
eff1
= 0.2(1250) + 0.1(2550) = 505 mm < 0.2l
o
= 510 mm < b
1
= 1250 mm
b
eff2
= 0.2(2000) + 0.1(2550) = 655 mm > 0.2l
o
= 510 mm < b
2
= 2000 mm
b
eff
= (505 + 510) + 200 = 1215 mm < 3250 mm
A B
C
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Solution of Example 3.5
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Span 2-3
2500
4000
b
1
= 2500/2 = 1250 b
2
= 4000/2 = 2000
b
eff,1
b
eff,2
b
w
= 200 mm

b
eff
b

= 1250 + 2000 = 3250 mm
b
eff1
= 0.2(1250) + 0.1(3825) = 632.5 mm < 0.2l
o
= 765 mm < b
1
= 1250 mm
b
eff2
= 0.2(2000) + 0.1(3825) = 782.5 mm > 0.2l
o
= 765 mm < b
2
= 2000 mm
b
eff
= (632.5 + 765) + 200 = 1597.5 mm < 3250 mm
A B
C
Span 1-2 Span 2-3
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Solution of Example 3.5
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b
eff
= 1215mm
b
w
= 200 mm
h
f
= 150 mm
b
eff
= 1598 mm
b
w
= 200 mm
h
f
= 150 mm
The design procedure of flange beam depends on where the
neutral axis lies. The neutral axis may lie in the flange or in the
web.
In other word, there are three cases that should be considered.
Neutral axis lies in flange (M < M
f
)
Neutral axis lies in web (M > M
f
but < M
bal
)
Neutral axis lies in web (M > M
bal
)
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Flange Beam
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b
eff
b
eff
Neutral axis lies in flange (M < M
f
)
This condition occur when the depth of stress block (0.8 x) less
then the thickness of flange, h
f
as shown in figure below.

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Flange Beam
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b
eff

b
w

h
f

d
0.8x
F
cc

F
st

Z = d 0.4x
x
A
s

0.567f
ck

Moment resistance of section, M


For this case, maximum depth of stress block, 0.8x are equal to hf


Where, M
f
= Ultimate moment resistance of flange.
Therefore, if M M
f
the neutral axis lies in flange and the design
can be treated as rectangular singly reinforced beam.

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Flange Beam
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z F M
cc
=
( )( ) x d x b f M
eff cu
4 . 0 8 . 0 567 . 0 =
( )( ) 2 / 567 . 0
f f ck f
h d bh f M M = =
) 4 . 0 ( 87 . 0 x d f
M
A
yk
s

=
z f
M
A
yk
s
87 . 0
=
or
The T-beam with dimension as shown in figure below is subjected to
design moment, M = 250 kNm. If f
ck
= 30 N/mm
2
and f
yk
= 500 N/mm
2

have been used, determine the area and number of reinforcement
required.
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Example 3.6
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b
eff
= 1450 mm
b
w
= 250 mm
h
f
= 100 mm
d = 320 mm
A
s

Moment resistance of flange, M
f





Since M < M
f
, Neutral axis lies in flange
Compression reinforcement is not required

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Solution of Example 3.6
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( )( ) 2 / 567 . 0
f f eff ck f
h d h b f M =
kNm M kNm 250 9 . 665 = > =
( )( )
6
10 2 / 100 320 100 1450 30 567 . 0

=
mm mm x 74 . 41 @ 3 . 758 =
( )( ) x d bx f M
ck
4 . 0 454 . 0 =
) 4 . 0 320 )( )( 1450 )( 30 ( 454 . 0 10 250
6
x x =
0 2 . 31647 800
2
= + x x
Use x = 41.74mm
Checking


Lever arm,z

Area of tension reinforcement, A
s




Provide 4H25 (A
sprov
=1964 mm
2
)

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Flange Beam
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45 . 0 13 . 0
320
74 . 41
< = =
d
x
mm x d z 3 . 303 ) 74 . 41 ( 45 . 0 320 4 . 0 = = =
2
1895mm =
) 3 . 303 )( 500 ( 87 . 0
10 250
87 . 0
6

= =
z f
M
A
yk
s
Neutral axis lies in web (M
f
< M < M
bal
)
If the applied moment M is greater than M
f
the neutral axis lies
in the web as shown in figure below.

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Flange Beam
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b
eff

b
w

h
f

d
0.8x
F
cc1

F
st

z
1

x
A
s

0.567f
ck

1
2 2
F
cc2

z
2

From the stress block, internal forces;




Lever arms, z


Moment resistance, M

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Flange Beam
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x b f x b f F
w ck w ck cc
454 . 0 ) 8 . 0 . )( 567 . 0 (
1
= =
f w eff ck cc
h b b f F ) )( 567 . 0 (
2
=
s yk st
A f F 87 . 0 =
x d z 4 . 0
1
=
f
h d z 5 . 0
2
=
2 2 1 1
. . z F z F M
cc cc
+ =
( )( ) ) 5 . 0 ( ) )( 567 . 0 ( 4 . 0 454 . 0
f f w eff ck w ck
h d h b b f x d x b f + =
Ultimate moment resistance of section, M
bal
(When x = 0.45d)




Divide both side by f
ck
b
eff
d
2
, then;





Therefore;
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Flange Beam
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( )( ) ) 45 . 0 ( 4 . 0 45 . 0 454 . 0 d d d b f M
w ck bal
=
) 5 . 0 ( ) )( 567 . 0 (
f f w eff ck
h d h b b f +
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
d
h
b
b
d
h
b
b
d b f
M
f
eff
w
f
eff
w
eff ck
bal
2
1 1 567 . 0 167 . 0
2
f
eff ck
bal
d b f
M
| =
2
2
d b f M
eff ck f bal
| =
If applied moment M < M
bal
, then compression reinforcement are not required.
Area of tension reinforcement can be calculate as follows by taking moment at
F
cc2
.





Using; x = 0.45d


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Flange Beam
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) 5 . 0 ( 87 . 0
] 5 . 0 4 . 0 [ 454 . 0
f yk
f w
k
c
s
h d f
h x x b f M
A

+
=
)] 4 . 0 ( ) 5 . 0 [( 454 . 0 ) 5 . 0 ( 87 . 0 x d h d x b f h d A f
f w ck f s yk
=
) .( .
1 2 1 2
z z F z F M
cc st
=
) 5 . 0 ( 87 . 0
] 36 . 0 [ 1 . 0
f yk
f w
k
c
s
h d f
h d d b f M
A

+
=
The T-beam with dimension as shown in figure below is subjected to
design moment, M = 670 kNm. If f
ck
= 30 N/mm
2
and f
yk
= 500 N/mm
2

have been used, determine the area and number of reinforcement
required.

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Example 3.7
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b
eff
= 1450 mm
b
w
= 250 mm
h
f
= 100 mm
d = 320 mm
Moment resistance of flange, M
f




Since M > M
f
, Neutral axis lies in web


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Solution of Example 3.7
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( )( ) 2 / 567 . 0
f f eff ck f
h d h b f M =
kNm M kNm 670 9 . 665 = < =
( )( )
6
10 2 / 100 320 100 1450 30 567 . 0

=
153 . 0
) 320 ( 2
100
1
1450
250
1
320
100
567 . 0
1450
250
167 . 0 =
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
f
|
2
d b f M
eff ck f bal
| =
kNm M
bal
682 10 ) 320 )( 1450 )( 30 ( 153 . 0
6 2
= =

kNm M kNm M
bal
670 682 = > =
Compression reinforcement is not required

Area of tension reinforcement, A
s

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Solution of Example 3.7
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) 50 320 )( 500 ( 87 . 0
] 100 ) 320 ( 36 . 0 )[ 320 )( 250 )( 30 ( 1 . 0 10 670
6

+
=
) 5 . 0 ( 87 . 0
] 36 . 0 [ 1 . 0
f yk
f w
k
c
s
h d f
h d d b f M
A

+
=
2
5736mm =
Provide 8H32 (A
sprov
= 6433 mm
2
)
Neutral axis lies in web (M > M
bal
)
If the applied moment M is greater than M
bal
the neutral axis lies in
the web and the compression reinforcement should be provided.
The stress block are shown in figure below.

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Flange Beam
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d
b
eff

b
w

h
f

0.8x F
cc1

F
st

z
1

x
A
s

0.567f
ck

1
2 2
F
cc2

z
2

A
s

F
sc

z
3

From the stress block, internal forces;





Lever arms, z


Moment resistance, M



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Flange Beam
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x b f x b f F
w ck w ck cc
454 . 0 ) 8 . 0 . )( 567 . 0 (
1
= =
f w eff ck cc
h b b f F ) )( 567 . 0 (
2
=
s yk st
A f F 87 . 0 =
' 87 . 0
s yk sc
A f F =
x d z 4 . 0
1
=
f
h d z 5 . 0
2
= '
3
d d z =
3 2 2 1 1
. . . z F z F z F M
sc cc cc
+ + =



When x = 0.45d, then


Area of compression reinforcement, A
s





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( )( ) ) 5 . 0 ( ) )( 567 . 0 ( 4 . 0 454 . 0
f f w eff cu w cu
h d h b b f x d x b f M + =
) ' ( ' 87 . 0 d d A f
s yk
+
) ' ( ' 87 . 0 d d A f M M
s yk bal
+ =
) ' ( 87 . 0
'
d d f
M M
A
yk
bal
s

=
For equilibrium of forces



Area of tension reinforcement, A
s


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Flange Beam
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sc cc cc st
F F F F + + =
2 1
' 87 . 0 ) ( 567 . 0 ) 45 . 0 ( 454 . 0 87 . 0
s yk w eff ck w ck s yk
A f b b f d b f A f + + =
'
87 . 0
) ( 567 . 0 2 . 0
s
yk
w eff f ck w ck
s
A
f
b b h f d b f
A +
+
=
Design Procedures for Rectangular Section
Supposed the design bending moment is M, beam section is b x d,
concrete strength is f
ck
and steel strength is f
yk
, to determine the area
of reinforcement, proceed as follows.
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Design Formula
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Design Formula
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Design Formula
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Design Procedures for Flange Section
Supposed the design bending moment is M, beam section is b x d,
concrete strength is f
ck
and steel strength is f
yk
, to determine the area
of reinforcement, proceed as follows.

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Design Formula
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With Wisdom We Explore
Design Formula
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Design Formula
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With Wisdom We Explore
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