Postharvest management for perennial crops

Goal of growing crops

Goal is not only to produce more but maintain the quality or at least minimize deterioration of harvested crops

Primary and secondary processing of jackfruit Primary processing Secondary processing Chip manufacture Harvesting (peeling, slicing, Ripening cooking) Transport Jam production Handling of fresh cut Manufacture of wine Flour production

Coconut
Harvesting Dehusking Splitting of nuts Drying in tapahan (smoke kiln or copra drier) or under the sun (7 d) Grading

Postharvest management
Storage
Reduce metabolism to a biologically accepted minimum so as to arrest deterioration and allow sale or use to a later date Make produce available during off season Reduce losses due to glut Avail of better prices of commodity

Refrigeration-single most effective method to slow down deterioration Effectivity can be enhanced by using supplementary treatments

Some supplementary practices to refrigeration

1. Ionization-breaking of chemical bonds so as to form ions that carry electrical charges; ions can alter cellular molecules and kill insects and microorganisms Also a quarantine treatment Sources of ionizing energy:
Radioisotopes Co-60, produces electromagnetic waves (gamma rays) Electron gun produces non-nuclear energy
Electron beam Gamma rays

Some effects of irradiation

Controls fruit fly, weevil and anthracnose in citrus, papaya and mango w/o problem of residues Delays ripening by inactivating enzymes in papaya, mango, pineapple Retains physico-chemical and nutritional levels

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2. Some chemical treatments

a) Calcium Ca ions membrane stabilizer by forming bonds with polygalacturonic acids in the middle lamella of plant cells Ca application
Dipping in CaCl2 solution (4%), vacuum infiltration, forced infiltration

Used in mango, banana and avocado

b) Sulfites-substances that contain S

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) Potassium bisulfite (KS2O5) Sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5)

Sulfites prevent browning or discoloration through their actions on enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions

Sulfite effects and application Effects

Control disease Prevent browning

Application: fumigation
Fumigation
Shot method: 1% SO2 for 15 to 20 min (lychee, longan, rambutan) Trickle

Use of SO2 release pads grapes Dipping in sodium metabisulfite (10%) young coconut (followed by MAP)

c) 1-Methylcyclopropene (C4H6)
Inhibits action of ethylene receptors such that ethylene cannot bind to elicit action = it blocks ethylene action Non-toxic Very minute amounts

Serek et al. (1995) confirmed efficacy of 1-MCP in carnation and Christmas cactus

Early results showing the effectiveness of 1-MCP, then named SIS-X, in preventing the natural senescence of carnations (left, photo taken after 1 week in the vase) and Christmas cactus (right, plants treated with 1-MCP, then exposed to 1 mLL1 ethylene.) Photo courtesy of M. Serek. (Serek et al., 1995, Plant Growth Regulat.)

1-MCP on fruit crops

apples (Bai et al. 2005) avocado (Jeong et al. 2002; Feng et al. 2000) banana (Jiang 1999, Golding et al. 1999) papaya (Manenoi et al. 2007) pineapple (Shinjiro et al. 2002) mango (Hofman et al. 2001)

Treatment chamber

d. Other plant growth substances

Cytokinins
Retard chlorophyll degradation, maintain high protein level

Gibberellins
Lower respiration and delay color change (guava, banana, orange)

Auxins
Retarded ripening in bananas

3. Heat treatments

Vapor heat treatment facility for fruits for dinfestation

Hot water treatment of mangoes for disinfection

4. Atmosphere modification
Advantages:
Prolong shelf life Reduction of fruit sensitivity to ethylene Alleviation of chilling injury Control of pests and diseases since resulting atmosphere is not favorable for their growth

 Passive MA (product-generated MA)

Surface coating or waxing Use of semi-permeable films: ideal film shd allow more CO2 to exit than allow entry of O2

Active MA
Introduction of partial vacuum Provision of pores in the film (macroporespricking; micropores-engineered to allow passage of gases)

An alternative to refrigeration

Evaporative cooling-provide highly humid condition; increase RH from 10 to 20% and decrease temperature by 1 to 6%

Postharvest pest management

Impact
Reduction in produce quality and quantity Insects enhance development of diseases Impede exportation

Important insect pests of horticultural produce Fruit flies carambola or starfruit, papaya, mango, guava, banana, dragon fruit, jackfruit Fruit borers-durian (husk borer), pummelo (citrus rind borer) Mealy bugs- secrete honey dew on which sooty mold grow in; pineapple crown, papaya,citrus Weevil- mango

Sanitary and phytosanitary measures Laws, regulations and procedures instituted by countries to protect human, animal, plant life or health negotiated under the GATT Recognize standards developed by organizations (Codex Alimentarius, FAO)

Sanitary and phytosanitary measures Deals with:

quarantine declaring areas free from insects and diseases preventing pest and disease spread regulation on treatment of imported fruit
Japan, NZ, US, Australia require VHT (fruit fly disinfection) on mango

pesticide residues in food (maximum residue level) certification a certificate is issued attesting to the phytosanitary status of a consignment

 Chemical

Treatments

Fumigation Insecticide dust or spray Fungicides

Irradiation Heat treatment

Hot water treatment (mango 52 to 55C for 10 min) Vapor heat treatment raise fruit temp in a water vapor saturated atmosphere until the required disinfestation temp is attained
Carabao mango pulp temp maintained at 46C for ten min Papaya- 46C, 70 min

Minimally processed, fresh cut or ready to eat fruit

Sticky rice in jackfruit

pummelo

Dragon fruit, starfruit, strawberry, melon

dragonfruit

Some practices to further optimize crop productivity

Crop rotation-growing of different crops in a definite order of succession on the same land
Increased yields Better control of weeds, pests Maintenance of organic matter Balanced utilization of nutrients

 Intercropping-growing of two or more crops in the same land by putting the crops in alternative rows

www:/freepatentsonline. com

 Multiple cropping a system of cropping in which as many crops as possible are grown in the same land within a year

Hydroponics

Simplyhydro.com Hydroponicgardening.com

Growing plants using mineral nutrient solutions, in water, without soil

Organic agriculture
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10068 AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES Section 1 Title. - This Act shall be known as the "Organic Agriculture Act of 2010".

Section 2 Declaration of Policy. - It is hereby declared the policy of the State to

promote, propagate, develop further and implement the practice of organic agriculture in the Philippines that will cumulatively condition and enrich the fertility of the soil, increase farm productivity, reduce pollution and destruction of the environment, prevent the depletion of natural resources, further protect the health of farmers, consumers, and the general public, and save on imported farm inputs. Towards this end,
a comprehensive program for the promotion of community-based organic agriculture systems which include, among others, farmer-produced purely organic fertilizers such as compost, pesticides and other farm inputs, together with a nationwide educational and promotional campaign for their use and processing as well as adoption of organic agriculture system as a viable alternative shall be undertaken. The State recognizes and supports the central role of the farmers, indigenous people and other stakeholders at the grassroots in this program.

Organic agriculture
Green manuring and use of organic fertilizers Composting Pest management
use of organic pesticides companion crops mulching sanitation Traps, other physical barriers

Mixed cropping, crop rotation