Experiment No.

3
Any linear bilateral network may be reduced to a simplified two-terminal
circuit consisting of a single voltage source in series with a single resistor.

A
V
TH

R
TH

B
R
L

I
L

V
2

I
2

R
2
R
1

I
1

V
1
R
L

I
L

To find current through R
L,
using Thevenins theorem.
(V
1
=4V; V
2
=6V; R
1
=1K; R
2
=10K; R
L
=15K)
R
1
R
2

R
TH

Step 1: To find R
TH

R
1
R
2

I
V
2

V
1

V
TH
or V
OC

A
B
C
D
E
F

Step 2: To find V
TH
or V
OC

In a closed circuit ABCDEFA, apply KVL
Now consider the loop ABEFA, apply KVL

R
L

I
L

I
L

V
TH

R
TH


Step 3: To find I
L


Any two terminals of a network containing linear, passive and active
elements may be replaced by an equivalent current source I
N
in parallel with
the resistance R
N
, Where I
N
is the current flowing through a short circuit
placed across the terminals AB and R
N
is the equivalent resistance of the
network as seen from the two terminals with all independent sources
suppressed.

R
L

I
L

I
N

R
N

A
B
V
2

I
2

R
2
R
1

I
1

V
1
R
L

I
L

To find, current through R
L
using Nortons theorem.
(V
1
=4V; V
2
=6V; R
1
=1K; R
2
=10K; R
L
=15K)
R
1
R
2

R
N

Step 1: To find R
N

A
B
C
D
E
F
R
1
R
2

I
1

V
2

V
1

I
SC
or I
N

I
2

Step 2: To find I
SC
or I
N



(I
N
or I
SC
=I
1
+I
2
)
In a closed circuit ABCEFA, apply KVL

Solving for equation (1) and (2),
I
1
= 3.9954mA ; I
2
=0.59954mA
I
N
=I
1
+I
2
=4.59494mA
R
L

I
L

I
N

R
NH

A
B
Step 3: To find I
L

Using current division technique
Experiment No.4
The superposition principle states that the voltage across (or current through)
an element in a linear bilateral circuit is the algebraic sum of the voltages
across (or currents through) that element due to each independent source
acting alone.

I
L

V
2

V
1

R
1
R
2

I
2

I
1

R
3

I
L

V
1

R
1

R
2

I
T

V
2
Shorted
R
3

(V
1
=4V; V
2
=6V; R
1
=1K; R
2
=10K; R
3
=15K)
I
L

V
2

V
1
Shorted
R
1
R
2

I
T

R
3

I
L
= I
L
'+I
L
'' = 0.2284mA + 0.034286mA = 0.262686mA
I
L

V
2

V
1

R
1

R
2

I
2

I
1

A
R
3

RPS
RPS
A A
Experiment No.4
In D.C circuits
Maximum power is transferred from a source to the load when the
load resistance is made equal to the resistance of the network as viewed from
the load terminals with load removed and all the sources replaced by their
internal resistances. (Thevenins resistance)
R
L
=R
TH


R
L


D.C CIRCUIT
R
L

R
TH

V
OC

A
B
I
L

The current supplied to R
L
is given by
( )
L TH
OC
L
R R
V
I
+
=
Power is delivered to R
L
is
L
L TH
OC
L L L L
R
R R
V
P R I P
2
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= =
Condition for max. power transfer is
Maximum power transferred =
Maximum power is transferred from a source to the load when the
impedance of the load terminal is the complex conjugate of source
impedance measured by looking back into the terminals of the network.
(Thevenins impedance)
Z
L
=Z
TH
*


R
L

I
L

V
L

R
TH

RPS
A
V
R
L
Ohms
P

Watts
P
max

Maximum
0