What

is the PhD viva? How does it work? What does surviving the viva mean? What are examiners looking for? Preparing for the viva Common viva surprises

 One

of the two ways in which PhDs examined Candidates for the PhD degree must submit a thesis and be examined orally (all quotes in italics are from UoL PhD Regulations) A discussion between you and your examiners Usually takes the form of being asked questions about the thesis Also sometimes called a defence

 Before

viva

Examiners sent thesis Prepare independent preliminary reports Examine each others reports Come to preliminary judgement (see later) which they sometimes (very rarely) communicate to candidate Arrange viva date Each examiners complies lists of questions and queries they have about the thesis
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 During

viva

Examiners meet before and plan the structure of viva, questions, roles, etc Meet PhD candidate (supervisors may attend but cannot say anything) Sometimes tell candidate their preliminary judgement at start of viva and the purpose of the viva (see later) Ask a series of questions and listen to the answers

 At

the end of the viva

You will be asked to leave the room Examiners discuss their views and come to a decision (see later) Invite you back in and tell you their decision Supervisor often comes in at this point

What (five) decisions can examiners make? [1]

(a) if the thesis fulfils the criteriaand the candidate satisfies the examiners in all other parts of the examination the examiners will report that the candidate has satisfied them (pass) (b) if the thesis otherwise fulfils the criteria but requires minor amendments.require the candidate to make within three months amendments specified by them (provisional pass with minor changes) (c) if the thesis, though inadequate, shall seem of sufficient meritthe candidate be permitted to represent his/her thesis in a revised form within 18 months. The examiners may at their discretion exempt from a further oral examination, on re-presentation of his/her thesis (not passed - major changes)

What decisions can examiners make? [2]

(f) if, after completion of the examinationthe examiners determine that a candidate has not reached the standard required for the award of the degree they shall consider whether the thesis does or mightsatisfy the criteria for MPhil degree. If they so decide, the examiners shall submit a report which demonstrates either (a) how the criteria for the MPhil degree are satisfied, or (b) what action would need to be taken in order for these criteria to be satisfied. (offered MPhil now or with revisions) (g) The examiners may determine that the candidate has not satisfied them in the examination. (fail)

Check the UoL PhD regulations examiners use 4.1.1. The scope of the thesis shall be what might reasonably be expected after three or at most four years of full-time study. 4.1.2. The thesis shall

(b)form a distinct contribution to the knowledge of the subject and afford evidence of originality (c)be an integrated whole and present a coherent argument (d)give a critical assessment of the relevant literature, describe the method of research and its findings, include discussion on those findings and indicate in what respects they appear to the candidate to advance the study of the subject

 Does

the thesis itself meet the criteria? What evidence can be gathered in the viva to establish if the thesis meets the criteria?

Is it candidates own work? Clarification of points made in thesis Clarification and extension of argument, rationale, logic, etc Explanation for/identification of errors Questions about things not in thesis

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If thesis broadly sound and no/few changes needed

Does candidate understand what theyve done? Are they aware of strengths and weaknesses Beyond the thesis itself does candidate know more than they have written that they maybe should add?

If thesis probably not sound and major changes needed

What are problems and how did they come about? How much does candidate really know? Just how substantial do changes need to be? Is another viva necessary?

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Have a mock viva (highly recommended)

Supervisor, other PhD students, etc Give them copy of thesis and UoL regulations Ask them to do what examiners do Does the overall argument make sense? What are the problems and limitations? Can you explain account for them? Have you spotted mistakes, omissions, etc?

Read the thesis carefully again yourself

Talk to others about their viva experences (as candidates or examiners)

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Prepare questions and try to answer them (even if you think youve answered them in the thesis) such as

Why did you do things in this order? Why did you exclude some areas of literature? Why are your research questions interesting or important? What are the main weaknesses with what you did and why are they there? If you did it again what would you do differently? What is the main contribution of your thesis? How would you build on this research?

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Think of it as a conversation but one where:

You do have to defend and explain what youve done But dont try to defend the indefensible or explain the inexplicable. If examiners point out error or something that doesnt make sense, and you can see it, you should accept it If you dont understand a question ask for clarification dont try to answer questions you dont understand Remember that all research has weaknesses and limitations The mark of being a competent researcher is recognizing, anticipating, acknowledging and overcoming weaknesses And dont forget to be clear about whats good about it. Its also necessary to demonstrate you understand the contribution your work has made

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 Any

anxiety you have disappears fast when you get going It goes much faster than you think it will The examiners really have read the thesis You know a lot more about the thesis than you realized The examiners point out good things in the thesis you didnt know were there You actually quite enjoy it
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