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Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) an English scientist and mathematician famous for his discovery of the law of gravity also discovered the three laws of motion. He published them in his book Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (mathematic principles of natural philosophy) in 1687. Today these laws are known as Newtons Laws of Motion and describe the motion of all objects on the scale we experience in our everyday lives.
If I have ever made any valuable discoveries, it has been owing more to patient attention, than to any other talent. -Sir Isaac Newton
It is push or pull, which either changes or tends to change the state of rest or of uniform motion of a body.
If the forces on an object are equal and opposite, they are said to be balanced, and the object experiences no change in motion. If they are not equal and opposite, then the forces are unbalanced and the motion of the object changes.
Two teams are playing tug of war. They are both exerting equal force on the rope in opposite directions. This balanced force results in no change of motion.
Measure of Force
A body of mass M moving with velocity v possesses momentum . P= M v F=d /dt (Mv)=Mdv/dt(M is constant) F=Ma (a=d v /dt) Force =mass acceleration
INERTIA
In a absence of external force, the inability of body change its state by itself is called inertia.
1st Law
Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its velocity: whether in motion or motionless.
1st Law
Once airborne, unless acted on by an unbalanced force (gravity and air fluid friction), it would never stop!
1st Law
Unless acted upon by an unbalanced force, this golf ball would sit on the tee forever.
Why then, do we observe every day objects in motion slowing down and becoming motionless seemingly without an outside force?
Its a force we sometimes cannot see friction.
Objects on earth, unlike the frictionless space the moon travels through, are under the influence of friction.
Sliding friction: ice skating Rolling friction: bowling Fluid friction (air or liquid): air or water resistance Static friction: initial friction when moving an object
Slide a book across a table and watch it slide to a rest position. The book comes to a rest because of the presence of a force that force being the force of friction which brings the book to a rest position.
In the absence of a force of friction, the book would continue in motion with the same speed and direction - forever! (Or at least to the end of the table top.)
Dont let this be you. Wear seat belts. Because of inertia, objects (including you) resist changes in their motion. When the car going 80 km/hour is stopped by the brick wall, your body keeps moving at 80 m/hour.
In the absence of an external force, no body can change on its own, its state of rest or the state of uniform motion along a state line.
On your way to school, a bug flies into your windshield. Since the bug is so small, it has very little inertia and exerts a very small force on your car (so small that you dont even feel it).
If objects in motion tend to stay in motion, why dont moving objects keep moving forever? Things dont keep moving forever because theres almost always an unbalanced force acting upon it.
A book sliding across a table slows down and stops because of the force of friction.
If you throw a ball upwards it will eventually slow down and fall because of the force of gravity.
In outer space, away from gravity and any sources of friction, a rocket ship launched with a certain speed and direction would keep going in that same direction and at that same speed forever.
MOMENTUM (Linear )
It is defined as the total quantity of motion contained in a body and is measured as the product of the mass of the body and its velocity. (momentum) P=M v M=mass of the body v=velocity
Newtons 2nd Law proves that different masses accelerate to the earth at the same rate, but with different forces.
IMPULSE
The forces which act on bodies for short time are called impulsive force. For Ex:1.In hitting a ball with a bat. 2.In firing a gun ,etc Impulse of a force is a measure of total effect of the force .
Think about it . . .
What happens if you are standing on a skateboard or a slippery floor and push against a wall? You slide in the opposite direction (away from the wall), because you pushed on the wall but the wall pushed back on you with equal and opposite force. Why does it hurt so much when you stub your toe? When your toe exerts a force on a rock, the rock exerts an equal force back on your toe. The harder you hit your toe against it, the more force the rock exerts back on your toe (and the more your toe hurts).
3rd Law
Flying gracefully through the air, birds depend on Newtons third law of motion. As the birds push down on the air with their wings, the air pushes their wings up and gives them lift.
by use of its wings. The wings of a bird push air downwards. In turn, the air reacts by pushing the bird upwards. The size of the force on the air equals the size of the force on the bird; the direction of the force on the air (downwards) is opposite the direction of the force on the bird (upwards). Action-reaction force pairs make it possible for birds to fly.
3rd Law
Consider the motion
of a car on the way to school. A car is equipped with wheels which spin backwards. As the wheels spin backwards, they grip the road and push the road backwards.
3rd Law
The reaction of a rocket is an application of the third law of motion. Various fuels are burned in the engine, producing hot gases.
The hot gases push against the inside tube of the rocket and escape out the bottom of the tube. As the gases move downward, the rocket moves in the opposite direction.
While firing a bullet , the gun must be held tight to the shoulder. When a man jumps from a boat to the shore, the boat slightly moves away from the shore. When a bullet is fired from a gun, the gun recalls or gives a kick in backward direction. Rocket works on the principle of conservation of momentum. If some one left on a frictionless floor desire to get
out of it, he can do so by blowing air out of his mouth.