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Sonic Tools
Overview
Formation: Reservoir quality Fluid: Oil, Gas or Water? Borehole: Environmental factors
Formation Properties
Radioactivity Porosity Grain density Pore Size Stratigraphy Bedding, Dip Sonic Velocity Seismic Velocity
Fluid Properties
Salinity (Resistivity) Density Saturation Pressure Temperature Viscosity Mobility Bubble Point
Borehole Properties
Depth Caliper Spontaneous Potential Temperature Cable Tension Deviation, Azimuth
Sonic Units
Sonic tools measure formation slowness or delta
time (dt). Slowness is measured in us/ft uS/ft = 1000000 / ft/s Slowness of steel: 57 us/ft (5400 m/s) Slowness of water: Approx 220 us/ft Different waves have different speeds. Shear wave is approx twice as slow as compressional wave.
Sonic Measurement
The compressional slowness is normally
measured using a monopole (omnidirectional) source around 15kHz. The slowness is computed by taking the difference in transit (arrival) times between two different receivers. In this way mud velocity and borehole size are eliminated from the equation. Washouts and other borehole effects are reduced by averaging two measurements from different transmitters.
Borehole Compensation
Sonic Waveforms
Different types of sonic waveforms are of interest for
different applications. Compressional slowness gives a useful porosity indication. Compressional slowness is also used to calibrate surface seismic velocities. Shear slowness (together with compressional) is used to calculate rock properties. Shear slowness is also used in certain types of seismic processing. Stoneley waves are often used to look for fractures.
Waveform Detection
First (compressional) arrival is easily
detected using simple circuits. Shear and Stoneley waves must be detected using coherence processing on an array of waveforms. The coherence matches similar events at different parts of each waveform using a velocity filter.
Coherence Processing
faster than the formation shear wave for slow formations. This large arrival will mask the shear we want to measure. Mud does not directly support shear waves we only detect them due to mode conversion.
borehole wall. The pressure wave they produce creates a flexural wave along the borehole. At low frequencies this wave has a speed close to the shear speed. Because the source is directional and perpendicular to the tool axis, mud arrival is small. Mud arrival also reduced by subtracting signal from pairs of receivers.
Dipole Sources
Compressional wave
Shear wave
Flexural wave
Sonic Test 1
1. What is the normal unit of sonic slowness? 2. What is expected slowness of steel such as
casing? 3. What is approximate ratio of shear to compressional slowness? 4. Which one is slower? 5. What type of source is generally used to measure compressional slowness?
Sonic Test 2
6. How are mud velocity and borehole size effects
eliminated from our measurements of compressional slowness? 7. How do we compensate for washouts and borehole geometry? 8. Name two applications of compressional slowness. 9. Name two applications of shear slowness. 10.Name one other waveform type with practical applications.
Sonic Test 3
11. Explain how shear slowness is computed from
an array of sonic waveforms. 12. Monopole sources are (HIGH/LOW) frequency? 13. Dipole sources are (HIGH/LOW) frequency? 14. We have difficulty measuring shear slowness with a monopole source in (FAST/SLOW) formations? 15. Explain why this is so.
Sonic Test 4
16. A Dipole source is omni-directional (TRUE/FALSE)? 17. The type of wave it generates in the formation is
18. 19. 20.
(STONELEY /FLEXURAL /SHEAR /COMPRESSIONAL) ? Mud can carry (true) shear waves (TRUE /FALSE)? What is difference in receiver arrangement for dipole vs monopole sources? Name two factors that reduce or eliminate mud arrivals for Dipole modes.