Engine Terminology

Cylinder Bore-The nominal inner diameter of the working cylinder. It is measured in millimeter. Piston Area-The area of the circle of a diameter equal to the cylinder bore. It is measured in square centimeter. Stroke-The nominal distance through which working piston moves between two successive reversal of its direction of motion.

 Top Dead Centre- It is the dead centre when the piston is farthest from the crank shaft. Bottom Dead Centre- It is the dead centre when the piston is nearest from the crank shaft. Displacement Volume-The nominal volume swept by the working piston when travelling from one dead center to another dead center.It is expressed in terms of cubic centimeter.

 Cubic Capacity-The displacement volume of a cylinder multiplied by number of cylinders in an engine will give the cubic capacity. Clearance Volume-The nominal volume of the combustion chamber above the piston when it is at the top dead center is the clearance volume. It is expressed in cubic centimeter. Compression ratio-It is the ratio of the total cylinder volume when the piston is at the bottom dead center to the clearance volume.

CLASSIFICATION OF IC ENGINES
Internal Combustion Engines are usually classified on the basis of the thermodynamic cycle of operation,type of fuel used,metod of charging,the cylinder,type of ignition,type of cooling and cylinder arrangement etc. Cycle Of Operation According to the cycle of operation,IC engines are basically classified into two categories:-

 Constant volume heat addition cycle Engine or otto cycle engine.It is also called spark ignition engine,SI engine. Constant pressure heat addition cycle Engine or Diesel cycle engine.It is also called compression ignition,Ci engine. Type of Fuel used Based On the type of Fuel used engines are classified as: Engines using volatile liquid fuels like gasoline,alcohal,kerosene etc.

The Fuel is generally mixed with air to form a homogenous charge in carburettor outside the cylinder and drawn into the cylinder in its suction stroke.The charge is ignited near the end of the compression stroke by an externally applied spark and therefore these engines are called spark-ignition engines. Engines using gaseous fuels like natural gas,Liquified petroleum Gas(LPG). The gas is mixed with air and the mixture is introduced into the cylinder during the suction process.Working of this type of engine using

Volatile liquid Fuels Engines using solid fuels like charcoal, powdered coal etc. Solid Fuels are generally converted into gaseous fuels outside the engine in a separate gas producer and the engine works as gas engine Engines using viscous liquid Fuels like heavy and light diesel oils. The fuel is generally introduced into the cylinder in the form of minute droplets by a injection system near the end of the compression process.

Combustion of fuel takes place due to its coming into contact with the high temperature compressed air in the cylinder. Engines using two fuels A Gaseous fuel or a Highly volatile liquid fuel is supplied along with air during the suction stroke or during the intial part of compression through a gas valve in the cylinder head and the other fuel is injected into the combustion space near the end of the compression stroke.

 Method Of Charging According to the method of charging ,the engines are classified as: Naturally aspirated engines : Admission of air or ful-air mixture at near atmospheric pressure Supercharged Engines : Admission of air or fuel-air mixture under pressure i.e. above atmospheric pressure.

 Type of ignition Spark ignition engines require an external source of energy for the initiation of spark and thereby the combustion process. A high Voltage spark is made to jump across the spark plug electrodes. In order to produce the required high voltage,there are two types of ignition system which are normally used: Battery ignition System Magneto ignition System

 Type of Cooling Cooling is very essential for the running of an engine.There are two types of cooling systems in use ad accordingly, the engine is classified as : Air cooled engine Water cooled engine Cylinder Arrangements The Cylinder Arrangements are classified as: In-line Engine: In this type of engines, all cylinders are arranged linearly, and transmit

Power to a single crankshaft. V Engines : In this engines there are two banks of cylinders inclined at an angle to each other and with one crankshaft Opposed Cylinder Engine : This Engine has two cylinder banks located in the same plane on opposite sides of the crankshaft Opposed Piston Engine : When a single cylinder houses two pistons, each of which driving a crankshaft,it is an opposed piston engine.

 Radial Engine : Radial Engine is one where more than two cylinder in each row are equally spaced around the crankshaft. Delta Type Engine : The delta type is essentially a combination of three opposed piston engine with three crankshafts interlinked to one another