Cell Division

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Cell division, Mitosis, cell cycle

Learning outcomes
Describe Chromosome structure Explain Mitosis: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase Describe the Significance of mitosis

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Cell division, Mitosis, cell cycle

Why Is Cell Division Important ?

Cell division is important to multi-celled and single celled organisms, like bacteria and algae. All cells go through cell division in what is called the cell cycle. Cell cycle starts with cell formation followed by growth and finally ends in the death of the cell.
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Cell Division
All cells are derived from preexisting cells New cells are produced for growth and to repair tissues Differs in prokaryotes (bacteria) and eukaryotes (protists, fungi, plants, &
animals)

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Cell division, Mitosis, cell cycle

DNA Replication
DNA must be copied or replicated before cell division Each new cell will then have an identical copy of the DNA
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Original DNA strand

Two new, identical DNA strands

Cell division, Mitosis, cell cycle

Identical Daughter Cells

Two identical daughter cells Parent Cell

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Chromosomes

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Cell division, Mitosis, cell cycle

Prokaryotic Chromosome
The DNA of prokaryotes (bacteria) is one, circular chromosome attached to the inside of the cell membrane

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Eukaryotic Chromosomes
All eukaryotic cells store genetic information in chromosomes
Most eukaryotes have between 10 and 50 chromosomes in their body cells Human body cells have 46 chromosomes or 23 identical pairs

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Compacting DNA into Chromosomes

DNA is tightly coiled around proteins called histones

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Chromosomes in Dividing Cells

Duplicated chromosomes are called chromatids & are held together by the centromere

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Called Sister Chromatids

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Karyotype
A picture of the chromosomes from a human cell arranged in pairs by size First 22 pairs are called autosomes Last pair are the sex chromosomes XX female or XY male
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Karyotype

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Cell Reproduction
Asexual reproduction involves a single cell dividing to make 2 new, identical daughter cells Mitosis & binary fission are examples of asexual reproduction

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False-Colour EM of Dividing Bacterium

Cytoplasm Division plane Cell wall

Nuclear material
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Prokaryotic Cell Undergoing Binary Fission

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Yeasts: Asexual Reproduction by Mitosis

Budding Nucleus divides by mitosis Bud forms on cell Nucleus moves into bud Bud separates

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Protozoa: Asexual Reproduction by Mitosis

New individuals

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Functions of Mitosis
Organs

Mitotic cell division

Mitotic cell division & differentiation

Tissues

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The Cell Cycle

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Five Phases of the Cell Cycle

G1 - primary growth phase S synthesis; DNA replicated G2 - secondary growth phase collectively these 3 stages are called interphase M - mitosis C - cytokinesis
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Cell Cycle

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Interphase
Cells spent most time in Interphase, in which the cell grows and develops. During the later part of interphase the cell duplicates all of its chromosomes, and prepares to undergo mitosis. When chromosomes duplicate they form 2 chromatids. The cells copy chromosomes before mitosis so that the two new cells that are going to be made have an equal amount of chromosomes
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Interphase - G1 Stage
1st growth stage after cell division Cells mature by making more cytoplasm & organelles Cell carries on its normal metabolic activities

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Interphase S Stage
Synthesis stage DNA is copied or replicated
Two identical copies of DNA

Original DNA
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 2nd Growth Stage Occurs after DNA has been copied All cell structures needed for division are made (e.g. centrioles) Both organelles & proteins are made

Interphase G2 Stage

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Whats Happening in Interphase?

What the cell looks like

Animal Cell

Whats occurring
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The Cell Cycle

DNA Copied
Cells Mature Cells prepare for Division

Daughter Cells

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Cell Divides into Identical cells

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Mitosis
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Four Mitotic Stages

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

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Early Prophase
Chromatin in nucleus condenses to form visible chromosomes Mitotic spindle forms from fibres in cytoskeleton or centrioles (animal)
Nucleolus

Cytoplasm

Nuclear Membrane
Chromosomes

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Late Prophase
Nuclear membrane & nucleolus are broken down Chromosomes continue condensing & are clearly visible Spindle fibers (kinetochores) attach to the centromere of each chromosome Spindle finishes forming between the poles of the cell
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Late Prophase
Chromosomes

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Nucleus & Nucleolus have disintegrated

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Spindle Fibre attached to Chromosome

Spindle (Kinetochore) Fibre

Chromosome

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Spindle Fibres
The mitotic spindle form from the microtubules in plants and centrioles in animal cells Polar fibers extend from one pole of the cell to the opposite pole Spindle (Kinetochore) fibres extend from the pole to the centromere of the chromosome to which they attach Asters are short fibers radiating from centrioles
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The Spindle

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Metaphase
Chromosomes, attached to the kinetochore fibers, move to the center of the cell Chromosomes are now lined up at the equator Equator of Cell Pole of the Cell

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Metaphase

Aster

Chromosomes at Equator
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Anaphase
Occurs rapidly Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell by Spindle(kinetoch ore) fibers
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Anaphase
Sister Chromatids being separated

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Telophase
Sister chromatids at opposite poles Spindle disassembles Nuclear envelope forms around each set of sister chromatids Nucleolus reappears Cytokinesis occurs Chromosomes reappear as chromatin
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Cytokinesis
Means division of the cytoplasm Division of cell into two identical halves called daughter cells In plant cells, cell plate forms at the equator to divide cell In animal cells, cleavage furrow forms to split cell
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Cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow in animal cell Cell plate in plant cell

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Extra

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Name the Mitotic Stages:

Interphase

Name this?
Telophase Name this? Prophase

Anaphase
Metaphase
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Mitosis Animation
Name each stage as you see it occur?

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Name the Stages of Mitosis:

Early Anaphase Early prophase Metaphase

Interphase

Early Telophase, Begin cytokinesis

Late Prophase
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Late telophase, Advanced cytokinesis

Mid-Prophase

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Late Anaphase
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Identify the Stages

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Early, Middle, & Late Prophase

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Late Prophase Metaphase

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Anaphase

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Late Anaphase 11/19/2013 Telophase

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Mitosis in Onion Root Tips

Do you see any stages of mitosis?

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