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There are numerous systems used by both nature and man to produce offspring
In research, our main focus is on the genes involved in breeding Selective Breeding Gene Technology
The vast majority of the plants and animals we use today have been cultivated (selected)
on the basis of some phenotype e.g. faster growing, more abundant yield, better colour Commonly used in cattle, sheep, horses, dogs, cats Sires and dames chosen for selected characteristics
Inreeding
Line Breeding Outbreeding
puppies e.g. small white fluffies no real emphasis on selecting for robust offspring,
backyard breeders are often similar.
the colony.
Inbreeding kept to a minimum The success of this system is dependent on: -The diversity of the groups in the first place -The speed with which each generation is replaced i.e. the slower the better -The equal representation of females and males from each group
Gene Technology
With the current knowledge of genetics, we can further manipulate the genetics of the offspring GMOs = one in which the genes are altered by man -Definition = those in which the genetic material is altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating or natural recombination
Gene Technology
GMO Example
Knockout Mice specific genes have been rendered non-functional knocked out in order to study their effect
Gene Technology
Transgenic Animal
Carries a foreign gene that has been deliberately inserted into its genome
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/t ransgenic/
Inbreed
efficiency as a result e.g large litters with good quality offspring, high fertility
New Zealand White Rabbit Originally bred for meat and fur Also popular pets
Mating Systems
A mating system refers to the way in which we group animals to breed.
Mating systems can vary between institutions or within the same institute depending on
the purpose of breeding Common mating systems you will encounter include: paired (monogamous), timed, trio, polygamous, harem
observed)
Also called hand mating Used commonly in rabbits, dogs and cats Advantages Provide precise estimation of time of mating Provides method for timed deliveries Less males required
Disadvantages
Time consuming Labour intensive More females
If a standard cage is used one female should be removed when obviously pregnant to
reduce overcrowding when both females give birth Alternatively, the trio can be placed in a larger breeding cage that can accommodate three adult mice and two litters
to 4-6
The females are removed as they become pregnant (visibly) Advantages Uses less males than pair and trio mating systems Relatively quick way to produce offspring Disadvantages Can be labour intensive in terms of pregnancy detection and removal of females