TEXTILE INDUSTRY WASTEWATER TREATMENT - AN OVER VIEW

Dr. M. RAMESH KUMAR, Dept. of Garment and Fashion Technology, Sona College of Technology, Salem 636 005.
IEI Salem Chapter on 26-01-2013
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SOURCES OF WATER
The worlds water is found in oceans and seas, lakes and reservoirs, rivers and streams, glaciers and snowcaps in the polar regions in addition to ground water.

Distribution of water
Oceans and Seas Glaciers and Polar icecaps Fresh water

Percentage of water 96 - 97%

2 - 3% < 1%
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Inventory of Water at the Earth's Surface

Volume (cubic km x 10,000,000) 1370 29 5.3 4.2

Reservoir

% of Total

Oceans Ice Caps/Glaciers Deep Groundwater Shallow Groundwater Lakes Soil Moisture Atmosphere Rivers Biosphere

97.25 2.05 0.38 0.30

0.125
0.065 0.013 0.0017 0.0006

0.01
0.005 0.001 0.0001 0.00004
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Water Allocation Priority

Indias Water Demand

Present water demand in India - 703 km3/year.

For domestic use 43 km3/year For industrial use 37 km3/year For agricultural use 550 km3/year India receives annual precipitation of about 4000 km3 Only 35% of surface water is utilizable.
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Water Pollution
Discharge of partially or untreated industrial effluent. Discharge of untreated domestic sewage. Mismanagement practice of solid wastes. Unscientific use of synthetic fertilizers.
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Effluent
Water is referred as wastewater (effluent) when it is impaired by anthropogenic contaminants Domestic Effluent Industrial Effluent

Biologically Active Effluents Landfill Leachates Water Disinfection Malodourous Effluents

Ammoniacal Wastes Coloured Effluents Hazardous Effluents Malodourous Effluents Recalcitrant Effluents
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Polluting Industries
Pulp and Paper Industries Dairy Industries Slaughter Houses Ceramics Industry Fruits and Vegetables Processing Fish Processing and Canning Metal Plating Industries Paint Industries Pharmaceutical Industries Refineries Petrochemical Complexes

Textile Industries
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Discharge of Textile Industry Effluent

Textile Industries
Complicated Industry among other manufacturing Industries. Second largest Employment Generator. Textile account for - 17 % of Export Earnings - 14% of Indias industrial production - 4% to GDP Third largest polluter in the world. Erode, Tirupur and Karur are hub of textile sector.
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Textile Industries.
More than 1 lakh commercial dyes are available. Dye annual production approximately 10,00,000 tons. Azo dyes account for 60 to 80% of the dyes consumed in textile processing About 5200 organized bleaching and dyeing industries are in India & more unorganized industries are also available. 50% industries at Tirupur, Karur and Erode Districts
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Government Action against Polluting Industries

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Wastewater Issues

Wastewater Issues

Need for treatment....,

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Need for treatment....,

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Need for treatment....,

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Fresh Water Scarcity

Huge demand for fresh water due to rapid increase in population, coupled with civilization and expanding economy of the country-led to the depletion of ground and surface water. Poor Rainfall- lesser recharge of aquifer Availability of fresh water in the globe is fixed & limited Hence the fresh water requirement has become a matter for serious concern. There is a huge demand for fresh water.

Major Classification of Textile Dyeing Industries

- Woven fabric dyeing industry

- Knitted fabric dyeing industry

- Yarn dyeing industry - Printing industry
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Woven fabric dyeing industry

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Knitted fabric dyeing industry

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Yarn dyeing industry

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Printing industry

Rotary Printing

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Environmental Problems due to Textile Industries

Even though Textile Industry plays an important role in Indian economy in multiple ways it also causes major environmental impact. Erode, Tirupur and Karur districts are hub of textile industries in which more than ten thousand small and medium scale industries are functioning. This super power continuously threatens the livelihood by discharging the effluent into river (Cauvery, Bhavani and Noyal) & near by canals (Kalingarayan canal ) Hence, proper treatment is essential for a healthy atmosphere.
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Classification of Wastewater Treatment Methods

INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT METHODS

CHEMICAL

PHYSICAL

BIOLOGICAL

Chemical Oxidation/
Precipitation/Coagulation air flotation/Flocculation Hydrolysis/Neutralization

Adsorption, Filtration

Bioaugmentation Activated sludge Extended aeration

Stripping/ Sedimentation
Membrane technologies

Anaerobic processes
Rotating biological contactors SBR and trickling filters
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Solvent Extraction
Ion Exchange

Classification of Wastewater Treatment Methods

INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT METHODS

CHEMICAL

PHYSICAL

BIOLOGICAL

Chemical Oxidation/

Precipitation/Coagulation
air flotation/Flocculation Hydrolysis/Neutralization Solvent Extraction

Adsorption, Filtration

Stripping/ Sedimentation
Skimming Membrane technologies

Physical/Chemical processes if chemical Bioaugmentation agents as coagulating agentssludge are added. Activated Extended aeration Anaerobic processes Rotating biological contactors SBR and trickling filters
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Ion Exchange

Membrane Technology
Micro filtration Ultrafiltration Nanofiltration Reverse Osmosis Membrane
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Reverse Osmosis

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RO Membrane Technology

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KOCH MEMBRANE

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ROSA MEMBRANE ( FILMTEC)

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MEMBRANE SPECIFICATIONS
PARTICULARS KOCH MEMBRANE ROSA MEMBRANE

Membrane Materials of Construction Software Pore size Range of operating pressure Temperature pH

Thin Film Composite Polyamide

Filmtech Polyamide

ROPRO 0.1 Micron 30 - 40 bar

30 400C 2 11

ROSA 0.1 Micron 30 - 40 bar

30 400C 2 11

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Advantages of RO Membrane
Highly efficient High recovery% Lower rejection% Lower maintenance cost Lower power consumption Lower pressure Cost effectiveness Easy to operate & Maintain Wastewater can be reused in Large proportion

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INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT METHODS

Feed wastewater stream

PRELIMINARY TREATMENT

Wastewater treatment process

PRIMARY TREATMENT

Conventional Treatment

SECONDARY TREATMENT

Its a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes

ADVANCED TREATMENT

High-quality Treatment

To discharge or reuse/recycling
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INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT METHODS

Feed wastewater stream

Removal of grit, debris and excessive amounts of oils or greases.

PRELIMINARY TREATMENT

Wastewater treatment process

PRIMARY TREATMENT

SECONDARY TREATMENT

Its a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes

ADVANCED TREATMENT Wastewater pretreatment plant. To discharge or reuse/recycling

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INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT METHODS

Feed wastewater stream PRELIMINARY TREATMENT PRIMARY TREATMENT The reached removal is up to 85-95% of BOD and SS & 65% of COD.

Wastewater treatment process

SECONDARY TREATMENT
ADVANCED TREATMENT

Its a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes

To discharge or reuse/recycling
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INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT METHODS

Feed wastewater stream

PRELIMINARY TREATMENT Membrane separation Wastewater treatment process PRIMARY TREATMENT

SECONDARY TREATMENT

Removal of : Additional organic and suspended solids. Nitrogenous Oxygen Demand (NOD) Nutrients Toxic materials

Its a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes

ADVANCED TREATMENT

Also called Tertiary Treatment

To discharge or reuse/recycling

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TREATMENT METHOD
WASH WATER PLANT TREATMENT SCHEME
PRIMARY TREATMENT (PHYSICO-CHEMICAL) SECONDARY TREATMENT (BIOLOGICAL) TERTIARY TREATMENT (PHYSICO-CHEMICAL) UF/RO RECYCLING PLANT

DYE BATH PLANT

FIVE EFFECT FALLING FILM EVAPORATOR EVAPORATOR AND SALT RECOVERY PLANT

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SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF WASHWATER PRIMARY TREATMENT

FLASH MIXING TANK

RAW EFFLUENT FROM MEMBER UNITS ( TDS < 2100mg / lit)

LIME, FeCl2, POLY

RECEIVING SUMP

EQUALISATION TANK CLRIFLOCCULATOR

SLUDGE SUMP

PRIMARY OUTLET TO BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT CLARIFIED EFFLUENT SUMP

FILTER PRESS

THICKENER

SLUDGE TO SLUDGE STORAGE YARD

CENTRIFUGE

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PRIMARY TREATMENT
RECEIVING SUMP Wash water effluent received and screened. EQUALISATION TANK The effluent is homogenized with high speed floating aerators. FLASH MIXING TANK Coagulant and flocculent addition, Such as Lime , FeCl2 and Poly electrolyte.
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SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF SECONDARY TREATMENT (BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT)

FROM PRIMARY OUTLET NUTRIENTS

AIR SUPPLY
SECONDARY CLARIFIER

AERATION TANK RETURN ACTIVATED SLUDGE

TO TERTIARY TREATMENT

EXCESS TO THICKENER

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SECONDARY TREATMENT (BIOLOGICAL)

SECONDARY CLARIFIER The mixed liquor from the biological rector is sent to secondary clarifier for settling the bio mass and a portion is pumped to biological rector for reactivation.
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TERTIARY TREATMENT
To improve the quality of secondary treated effluent

By reducing the suspended solids. By reducing the colloidal particles. By destroying the micro organism. By reducing the alkalinity. By reducing the color and metal ions.
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SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF TERTIARY TREATMENT

FLASH MIXING TANK LIME, FeCl2, POLY FROM BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT FILTER PRESS

TERTIARY CLARIFIER

THICKENER SLUDGE TO SLUDGE YARD

SLUDGE SUMP

COLLECTION TANK TO RO PLANT DUAL MEDIA FILTER

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MEMBRANE BASED RECYCLING PLANT

ULTRAFILTRATION

It will remove the colloidal particles, silica, suspended solids, biological matters (bacteria, Algae, Fungi) and also to reduce the total organic compounds.
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BAG FILTER 100

PG

AV
PG PG PT PT

AV AV
PT PG

AV

AV FT

AV

ULTRAFILTRATION SYSTEM
PG PT

UF RECIRCULATION PUMP FT

UF FEED TANK

CIP BACK FLUSH PUMP

UF PERMEATE TANK

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REVERSE OSMOSIS WORKING STRATEGIES

Parameter
Pressure TDS

Stage I
14 kg/cm2 2500 3000 mg/l

Stage II
40 kg/cm2 > 3000 mg/l

Recovery

75%

60% Overall 90%

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REVERSE OSMOSIS - I
PRESSURE VESSEL 1 ANTI SCALANT MICRON FILTER 5
PG

PRESSURE VESSEL 2 PRESSURE VESSEL 3 PRESSURE VESSEL 4 PRESSURE VESSEL 5

PG

AV

PRESSURE VESSEL 6 PRESSURE VESSEL 7

AV
ORP

PT PG

PRESSURE VESSEL 8 PRESSURE VESSEL 9

PG

SDI PT

PRESSURE VESSEL 10 PRESSURE VESSEL 11

PT

HCl

SMBS

PG

PRESSURE VESSEL 12 HIGH PRESSURE PUMP PRESSURE VESSEL 13

PG

FROM RO CIP
PT

MICRON FILTER 10

FT UF PERMEATE TANK FEED PUMP TO RO II FEED RO ROCIP CIP CIP PUMP

FT

PERMEATE TO STORAGE TANK

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RO Feed and Permeate

RO Permeate A nt is H S ca CI M le BS nt 27 m3/h (90%) Feed 30m3/h

MCF

HPP HPP

HPP RO I, 2nd Array RO II, 1st Array

HPP

RO Feed
Tank

Feed Pump

MCF
RO I, 1st Array RO II, 2nd Array RO Reject

RO flow m/hr RO Feed Flow RO Permeate Flow RO Reject Flow RO Recovery %

3m3/h (10%)

- 30.00 m/hr - 27.00 m/hr - 3.00 m/hr - 90.00 %

No. of RO Elements used RO Stage I 48 Elements RO Stage II 15 Elements Total 63 Elements

RO Array Classification RO Stage I 5 X 6: 3 X 6 RO Stage II 2 X 5: 1 X 5 RO 1, 5 vessels and 3 vessels (48 elements) Stage I, Feed 5 membranes Stage II, Feed 3 membranes RO II, 2 vessels and 1 vessel (15 membranes) Stage I, Feed 2 membranes Stage II, Reject 1 membrane
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Comparison of Raw effluent, RO Feed and Permeate

RO Permeate value KOCH ROSA

Parameters

Raw Effluent (ppm)

RO Feed (ppm)

TDS COD BOD Cl Ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ K+

6080.00 700.00 200.00 3250.00 45.00 25.00 2250.00 8.00

6357.00 50.00 6.00 3380.00 50.00 25.00 2363.00 5.00

110.13 6.61 4.82 61.64 0.16 0.08 42.75 0.12

244.28 8.31 5.52 133.56 0.54 0.28 91.49 0.69

NH4+
HCO3 SO42NO3 SiO2

8.00
700.00 338.00 7.80 20.50

0.60
300.00 350.00 5.00 15.00

0.03
7.27 1.08 0.42 0.26

0.33
9.61 5.27 2.02 0.42 68

Comparison of RO Feed and RO Permeate

7000

6000
RO Permeate Values in ppm

RO Feed RO Permeate - ROSA

5000

RO Permeate - KOCH

4000

3000

2000

1000

0 TDS COD BOD Cl Ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ K+ NH4+ HCO3 SO42- NO3 SiO2 Parameters

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CONCLUSION
The overall performance of Reverse Osmosis Membranes is better in Textile industry. The Reverse Osmosis Membrane treatment is very effective in Textile industry. RO membrane was found to be more efficient and economical.
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CONCLUSION 90% - 93% of RO Permeate water can be used for recycling. Remaining 7% - 10% RO Reject water can be sent to Solar evaporation/Multiple evaporation for salt recovery.
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LET US MAKE OUR NATION

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