Chapter 1

Introduction to IT

Definitions & Characteristics of INFORMATION

Definitions
A message received and understood A collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn Knowledge acquired through study or experience or instruction

Characteristics
Improves representation of an entity Updates the level of knowledge Reduces uncertainty Aids in decision making Has a surprise value (In detail)

Technology
Technology is science which makes your day to day life comfortable and reduces the time required for doing work.
ExampleMobile Phones Computer Software

ERP

IT
IT is a new science of collecting, storing, processing and transmitting information. Information Technology Informatique french word Informatika- Russian word Information support with Knowledge Components of Information Technology Computer Technology, Communication Technology and Printing Technologies

Communication Technology
Audio Technology Audio-Visual Technology Facsimile Transmission (Fax)

Electronic Mail

Printing Technologies
Impact printers Dot matrix Non-impact printers Laser Printer

Computer
Computer
Introduction Computer- Dictionary meaning To Compute Initially designed to perform arithmetic operation even called as calculator. Computer are defined as device that operate upon data or information. It store, process & retrieve data as and when desired so it also called as data processor.

CharacteristicSpeed Accuracy Diligence(Dullness & lack of Concentration) Versatility Power of Remembering No Feelings No IQ

SUPERCOMPUTER
HIGHLY SOPHISTICATED COMPLEX COMPUTATIONS FASTEST CPUs LARGE SIMULATIONS EXPENSIVE Used in NASA, Bhabha Auotomic Research Center *
2.8

MAINFRAME
LARGEST ENTERPRISE COMPUTER ONE GIGABYTE RAM AND OVER COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY APPLICATIONS MASSIVE DATA COMPLICATED COMPUTATIONS In all IT, FMCG Large & Middle Scale *
2.9

MINICOMPUTER
MIDDLE-RANGE BELOWONE GIGABYTE RAM UNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABS USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR FOR MAINFRAME *

2.10

MICROCOMPUTER
DESKTOP OR PORTABLE

UP TO ONE GIGABITE
PERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERS AFFORDABLE MANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTS CAN BE NETWORKED

2.11

LAPTOPS & SMALLER

LAPTOP (OR NOTEBOOK): Briefcase type package, very portable, can be inexpensive, can connect to other computers or networks

2.12

Zeroeth Generation
Man used his fingers, ropes, bones and other objects for counting. Electricity was not yet invented

FIRST GENERATION, 1951 1958: The Vacuum Tube

The first generation of computers, characterized by vacuum tubes, started in 1951 with the creation of UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) a tabulating machine which won the contest for the fastest machine which could count the US 1890 census.

VACUUM TUBES electronic tubes about the size of light bulbs.

SECOND GENERATION, 1959 1964: The Transistor

The year 1959 marked the invention of transistors, which characterized the second generation of computers. TRANSISTOR was a three-legged component which shrunk the size of the first generation computers. Occupied only 1/100th of the space occupied by a vacuum tube More reliable, had greater computational speed, required no warm-up time and consumed far less electricity.

THIRD GENERATION, 1965 1970: The Integrated Circuit

Third generation computers arose in 1965 with the invention of smaller electronic circuits called integrated circuits (ICS) INTEGRATED CIRCUITS are square silicon chips containing circuitry that can perform the functions of hundreds of transistors.

FOURTH GENERATION, 1971 Present: The Microprocessor

Marked by the use of microprocessor MICROPROCESSOR is a silicon chip that contains the CPU part of the computer where all processing takes place. 4004 chip was the first microprocessor introduced by Intel Corporation.

The Central Processing Unit

The CPU

The CPU
Converts data into information Control center Set of electronic circuitry that executes stored program instructions Three parts
Control Unit (CU) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Registers

Control Unit CU
Pass the instruction by indexing them Directs the computer system to execute stored program instructions Communicates with other parts of the hardware

Arithmetic / Logic Unit ALU

Performs arithmetic operations

Performs logical operations

Arithmetic Operations
Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division

Logical Operations
Evaluates conditions Makes comparisons Can compare
Numbers Letters Special characters

Registers
Special-purpose High-speed Temporary storage Located inside CPU
Instruction register
Holds instruction currently being executed

Data register
Holds data waiting to be processed
Holds results from processing

Executing Programs
CU gets an instruction and places it in memory CU decodes the instruction CU notifies the appropriate part of hardware to take action Control is transferred to the appropriate part of hardware Task is performed Control is returned to the CU

Primary Memory
Primary storage or memory: Is where the data and program that are currently in operation or being accessed are stored during use.

Consists of electronic circuits: Extremely fast and expensive. Two types:

RAM (non-permanent)
Programs and data can be stored here for the computers use. Volatile: All information will be lost once the computer shuts down.

ROM (permanent)
Contents do not change.
The Computer Continuum 3-27

Types of Storage
Secondary
Data that will near future Long-term

Memory
Data that will be used in the eventually be used Temporary Faster access than storage

Registers
Data immediately related to the operation being executed Faster access than memory

RAM
Requires current to retain values Volatile Data and instructions can be read and modified Users typically refer to this type of memory

Whats in RAM?
Operating System Program currently running Data needed by the program Intermediate results waiting to be output

Types of RAM
SRAM
Retains contents as long as power is maintained Faster than DRAM

Types of RAM
DRAM
Must be constantly refreshed Used for most PC memory because of size and cost SDRAM
faster type of DRAM

ROM
Programs and data that are permanently recorded at the factory Read Use Cannot be changed by the user Stores boot routine that is activated when computer is turned on Nonvolatile

PROM
Programmable ROM ROM burner can change instructions on some ROM chips EPROM

Storage Technology
Electronic devices that store, retrieve, and save instructions and data. Todays microcomputers or PCs include several types of storage devices. Capacity and speed are important considerations when selecting a new storage device for a PC.

Storage Technology
Magnetic storage devices store data by magnetizing particles on a disk or tape. They have a limited life-span of 1 to 5 years, depending on the device. Optical storage devices store data as light and dark spots on the disk surface. They have an unlimited life-span.

Storage Devices
Hard Disk Drives
Capacity is measured in gigabytes (GB or billions of bytes). Typically permanently installed. Used to store operating system, application software, utilities and data. Magnetic storage device.
Learn more about how a hard disk drive Stuff Works website. works from How

Storage Devices
Floppy Disk Drives
Capacity is 1.44 to 2.0 megabytes (MB or millions of bytes).
Storage device with the smallest capacity Most portable storage media

Magnetic storage device.

Storage Devices
CD-ROM Drives
Typically installed on all new computer systems. (Were add-on device until the mid 1990s). Capacity is 600 to 750 megabytes (MB or millions of bytes). Most mass-produced commercial software is packaged on a CD.

Storage Devices
CD-ROM Drives
Used more often now for backup storage as CD-RW (read/write) technology has become less expensive. Data is read from CD by a laser. Optical storage device.

Storage Devices
Other Types of Drives
Zip Drives Several different capacities are available. Tape Drives Generally used for system backups, becoming less common. DVD drives Can also read CDs, now more common as a standard device on new computer systems.

Input, Output, and Storage

Chapter 1

Devices

Input Devices

Output Devices

Storage Devices

2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies

Introduction
Examples
Real World Data Input device Computer Data

Dear Mom:

Keyboard

10110010

Digital camera

10110010 pp. 59.-61

1.4 Input Devices

Input device captures information and translates it into a form that can be processed and used by other parts of your computer. Keyboards Pointing devices Game controllers Scanners Styluses Microphones Digital cameras Web cams

2003 The McGraw-Hill p. 5.130 Fig. 5-1 Companies

Input Devices

The keyboard is the most common input device. Types of keyboards include:

Wireless Multimedia and one-touch access Portable keyboards for PDAs

2003 The McGraw-Hill p. 5.131 Fig. 5-2 Companies

Types of Input Devices

2003 The McGraw-Hill p. 5.131 Fig. 5-2 Companies

Pointing Devices

Various pointing devices are available

Types of pointing devices:

Mouse
Optical

mouse mouse

Wireless

Touchpad

SimNet

Concepts Support CD: Mice

2003 The McGraw-Hill p. 5.132 & P. 5.133 Fig. 5-3 & Fig 5.4 Companies

Specialized Input Devices

Other types of input devices include:

Scanners
Styluses Microphones Digital cameras Web cams

2003 The McGraw-Hill p. 5.135 Fig. 5-6 Companies

Scanner
Scanner

is a light sensitive device that helps you copy or capture images, photos, and artwork that exist on paper. Types of scanners include:
Flatbed

SimNet Concepts 2003 The McGraw-Hill

Companies

Support CD: Scanners

Styluses

Stylus is an input device consisting of a thin stick that uses pressure to enter information or to click and point Styluses are used with:
PDAs
Tablet

PCs Graphics tablets

2003 The McGraw-Hill p. 5.135 Fig. 5-6 Companies

Microphones

Microphones are used to input audio Three main types of microphones are:
Desktop

microphones Headsets Directional microphones

Speech recognition is increasingly being included in application software

2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies

Digital Cameras

Digital cameras are used to:

Download images to a computer Post pictures to the Web Produce videos

Resolution is measured in megapixels Higher the resolution, better the image quality, but the more expensive the camera
Support CD: Digital Cameras

2003 The McGraw-Hill SimNet Concepts Companies

Web Cams

Web cam is a video camera that can be used to take images for uploading to the Web

2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies

5.2 Output Devices

Output devices take information within your computer and present it to you in a form that you can understand Main output devices: Monitors Printers Speakers
SimNet

Concepts Support CD: 2003 The McGraw-Hill Overview of Output Devices

Companies

Flat Panel Display Devices

Devices with flat-panel displays
Tablet PCs
Cellular phones Desktop computers

2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies

Monitors
CRTs Flat-panel displays
Gas plasma LCD (liquid crystal display)

SimNet

Concepts Support CD: Monitors

2003 The McGraw-Hill p. 5.137 Fig. 5-9 Companies

Screen Talk
Screen size measured as a diagonal line across the screen from corner to opposite corner Resolution the number of pixels displayed on the screen (the higher the resolution, the closer together the dots)
800x600 1024x768 1280x720 (widescreen) 1280x768 (widescreen) 1280x960 (widescreen) 1280x1024 1920x1440 (widescree

Pixels (or picture element) dots that make up the image on your screen Refresh rate the speed with which a monitor redraws the image of the screen, and is measured in hertz
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Printers
Inkjet most popular
Makes images by forcing droplets through nozzles Top speed is 20 pages per minute

Laser
Forms images using an electrostatic process Prints between 3 and 30 pages per minute
2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies

Printers - Cont
Resolution of a printer is the number of dots per inch (dpi) it produces. Higher the resolution, better the image, and usually the more costly the printer

2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies

Printers - Cont.

Multifunction printer:

Scan, copy, fax, and print Can be either inkjet or laser

Cost less than buying individual units

Take up less desk space

SimNet

Concepts Support CD: Printers

2003 The McGraw-Hill p. 5.139 Fig. 5-11 Companies

Speakers

A speaker is a device that produces computer output as sound Speakers are common devices in computer systems Examples include:

Built-in speaker Two-device set speakers Surround sound speakers

2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies

IT Application In Management
CORPORATE WORLD:- Intra networking For connectivity within the organization and Internet for connectivity the with whole world and information exchange. It saves time and in corporate world Time is money HOSPITALITY:- Online live help from Dot. Of other country with the help of WEBCAM. Most of the surgery has studied 1st on PC, near about all the test has done with help of tech now days. It makes to diagnosis the dieses and cure them. GOVERNMENT SECTOR:- DTE all MBA procedure totally based on internet from filling the application from up to taking admission. CONSTRUTION BUSNIESS:- CAD/CAM For design of building Arc. With accuracy also used for machine design

IT Application In Management
Banking
1. To day Banking totally depend on Computer and networking Like ATM,Online Banking, Online Money Transfer (WUMT). 2. Proper communication between all types of Bank(Co-operative, national, international) So business become easy. 3. Foreign currency rates.

Business Application
1. 2. 3. All types of company(MNC, Small scale) are almost depend on there computer for office work and on internet for getting ,giving and updating information purpose. We can also use E-Commerce (B2B,B2C,B2G) We can keep record. Individually of Wages and Salaries On Line Acct. Facility We Can keep Current Balance Deposit, overdrafts, shares.

Payroll & Personal Reco.

5.3 Storage Devices

Storage device stores information to be recalled and used at a later time Three major technology types for information storage: Magnetic Optical or laser Flash memory

SimNet Concepts Companies

2003 The McGraw-Hill

Support CD: Storage Concepts

Storage Medium Terms

Byte Kilobyte (KB) Megabytes (MB) Gigabytes (GB) Terabytes (TB) Petabyte (PB) Exabyte (EB)
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= 8 bits 1 Thousand Bytes 1 Million Bytes 1 Billion Bytes 1 Trillion Bytes 1 quadrillion Bytes 1 quintillion Bytes

Magnetic Storage Devices: Internal Magnetic Hard Disk

Magnetic storage devices can be either internal or external

Internal magnetic hard disks are fixed inside the system unit External magnetic hard disks are portable

SimNet Concepts Companies

2003 The McGraw-Hill

Support CD: Removable Disks

Magnetic Storage Devices: Internal Magnetic Hard Disk

Internal hard disk is a magnetic storage device with
One or more thin platters that store information sealed inside the disk drive. Read/write heads access the information on surface Heads read information while copying it from disk to RAM Heads write information when copying it from RAM to disk
2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies

Magnetic Storage Devices: External Magnetic Hard Disk

External hard disks are magnetic storage media which are portable storage units that you can connect to your computer as necessary
Great for backup storage devices Ability to transport your hard disk from one computer to another

2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies

Floppy Disks and Zip Disks

Removable magnetic storage media come in two basic types:
Traditional floppy disks Zip disks

These storage media are useful for:

Storing files for backup or security purposes Transferring files from one computer to another
2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies

Removable Magnetic Storage: Floppy Disk

Floppy Mylar disk
Housed inside a hard plastic casing Thin, flexible plastic disk
3.5 inch floppy disks
also called floppies, diskettes, floppy disks Holds about 1.44 megabytes of information

High-capacity disks
Zip disk

2003 The McGraw-Hill p. 5.144 Fig. 5.15 Companies

Optical Storage
CDs DVDs Both are optical storage and have three formats:
Read-only Write-once Read-and-write

2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies

Optical Storage Media

Read-Only
CD-ROM DVD-ROM

Fully Read-and-Write
CD-RW DVD-RW or DVD-RAM

One-Time Writable
CD-R DVD-R

SimNet

Concepts Support CD: CDs and DVDs

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Flash Memory Cards

Flash memory cards have highcapacity storage laminated inside a small piece of plastic Flash flash memory cards do not need a drive with moving parts to operate

2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies

Flash Memory Talk

CompactFlash (CF) xD-Picture Card (xD) SmartMedia (SM) Card SecureDigital (SD) card and MultiMediaCards (MMC) Memory Stick Media

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Memory Components Types:

Volatile:
Random Access Memory (RAM): SRAM "static" (work still power is there) DRAM "dynamic" (need to refresh capacitor)

Non-volatile:
Read Only Memory (ROM): PROM programmable" EPROM "electrically programmable" EEPROM "erasable electrically programmable

76

RAM
RAM is basically a computer's short-term memory, it temporarily stores the information a program requires to run while it is running. RAM runs at a very high speed when compared to hard-drive speed because it is used and needed more. In fact RAM is so important that RAM size and speed can play an equal or greater part in the computer's speed than the CPU. However the data stored in RAM is lost when the computer is switched off, so it can not be used for long term storage. Modern computers can get up to 4GB of ram, and 512MB is required to install the latest version of Windows, "Vista."

2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies

DEFINITION
SOFTWARES - are programs that make a computer run. They are sets of instructions which tell the computer what to do to come up with the desired result.

Concept
The HW needs SW to be useful; the SW needs HW to be useful When the user needs something to be done by the computer, he/she gives instructions in the form of SW to computer HW These instructions need to be written in a language that is readily understood by the computer.

Categories of Computer Software

Computer Software

Application Software

System Software

GeneralPurpose Programs

ApplicationSpecific Programs

System Management Programs

Software

System Software

Application Software

System Software
- Programs that work automatically once you open or boot your computer. - Their task include loading and running programs, checking and protecting computers, and controlling hardware. - It is the control software that operates the hardware and allows the application to run.

Operating System (OS)

Performs its work invisibly to control the internal functions of a computer, e.g. maintaining files on the disk drive, managing the screen, controlling which tasks the computer performs and in what order It interacts directly with the computer HW

Other SW normally does not directly interact with the HW, but through the OS

Examples
Windows XP home and business Windows 2000 business network use Mac Operating System GUI, graphics UNIX general purpose, mainframe Linux alternative to Windows Dos command driven

Operating Systems
Operating Systems run in the background without the users being aware of it. It controls the inputs, outputs, interrupts, and storage of files as requested by the applications software.

LINUX

DOS

APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Are programs installed in the computer. It enables the user to do different tasks.

APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Used for a specific purpose or application.
Word processing; Numerical analysis and storage; Recording of data; Designing and graphics; Image processing; Presentations; Desk top publishing; Web design.

WORD PROCESSORS
Used in creating letters, memos, reports and other write-ups. Examples: Wordstar MS Word WordPerfect

MS Word

ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEET
Software that are equipped with rows and columns where data may be entered and processed automatically or tabulated. Examples: Visicalc Quattro Supercalc Ms Works Lotus 123 Excel

EXCEL 2007

DATABASE
Programs that can be use to organize data in a customized way. Examples: MS Access MySQL Dbase Oracle Foxbase Lotus Approach

Dbase

Oracle Database

Utility Programs
Virus checking and cleaning. Security using identification and passwords. File and hard disk management for efficiency and storage. Customising the computer to the users requirements, i.e. short cut menus from mouse click. Setting peripheral devices to the users requirements, i.e. setting the monitor resolution.

Utilities
Computer programs that perform a particular function related to computer system management and maintenance Examples:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Anti-virus SW Data compression SW Disk optimization SW Disk backup SW Disk cleaner

Entertainment Software
Specially designed for fun and relaxation. Example Real Player WinAmp QuickTime Windows Media Player VLC Media

Multimedia, Desktop and Image Editing Software

Used to create graphics and publications and to edit images Examples Adobe Photoshop Adobe Pagemaker Corel Draw Publisher