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CHAPTER 22: Leasing

Topics:

22.1 Types of Leases 22.2 Accounting and leasing 22.4 The Cash Flows of Operating Leasing 22.6 NPV Analysis of the Lease-versus-Buy Decision 22.8 Does Leasing Ever Pay: The Base Case 22.9 Reasons for Leasing

(This illustration contains a minor correction of your text. Section 22.4 should be operating lease rather than financial lease.)

22.1 Types of Leases The Basics


A lease is a contractual agreement between a lessee and lessor. The agreement establishes that the lessee has the right to use an asset and in return must make periodic payments to the lessor. The lessor is either the assets manufacturer or an independent leasing company.

Two types:
Operating lease Financial lease
Sale and lease-back Leverage lease
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Buying versus Leasing Buy


Firm U buys asset and uses asset; financed by debt and equity.

Lease
Lessor buys asset, Firm U leases it.

Manufacturer of asset

Manufacturer of asset

Firm U
1. 2. Uses asset Owns asset 1.

Lessor
Owns asset 1. 2. Does not use asset

Lessee (Firm U)
Uses asset 2. Does not own asset

Equity shareholders

Creditors

Equity shareholders

Creditors
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Operating Leases

Usually not fully amortized. This means that the payments required under the terms of the lease are not enough to recover the full cost of the asset for the lessor. Usually require the lessor to maintain and insure the asset. Lessee usually enjoys a cancellation option. This option gives the lessee the right to cancel the lease contract before the expiration date.

Financial Leases

Most commonly referred to as Capital lease The opposite of an operating lease.


1. Do not provide for maintenance or service by the lessor. 2. Generally fully amortized 3. The lessee usually has a right to renew the lease at expiry. 4. Generally, financial leases cannot be cancelled, i.e., the lessee must make all payments or face the risk of bankruptcy.

Sale and Lease-Back (Read by your own)

A particular type of financial lease. Occurs when a company sells an asset it already owns to another firm and immediately leases it from them. Two sets of cash flows occur:
The lessee receives cash today from the sale. The lessee agrees to make periodic lease payments, thereby retaining the use of the asset.

Example: Sell you IT assets to HP Financial Services and lease them back.
You can easily adapt to future needs down the road.
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Leveraged Leases

A leveraged lease is another type of financial lease. A three-sided arrangement between the lessee, the lessor, and lenders.
The lessor owns the asset and for a fee allows the lessee to use the asset. The lessor borrows to partially finance the asset. The lenders typically use a nonrecourse loan. This means that the lessor is not obligated to the lender in case of a default by the lessee.

Leveraged Leases
Lessor buys asset, Firm U leases it.

Manufacturer of asset

Lessor
1. Owns asset 1.

Lessee (Firm U)
Uses asset

2. Does not use asset

2. Does not own asset

Equity shareholders

Creditors

22.2 Accounting: Financial (Capital) Lease


The accounting treatment of leasing follows CICA 3065 A lease must be capitalized (balance sheet disclosure) if any one of the following four criteria is met (CICA or GAAP):
The present value of the lease payments is at least 90-percent of the fair market value of the asset at the start of the lease. The lease transfers ownership of the property to the lessee by the end of the term of the lease. The lease term is 75-percent or more of the estimated economic life of the asset. The lessee can buy the asset at a bargain price at expiry.

Both CRA and IRS will treat a capitalized lease as sales for tax purposes.
Lessor records leasing as installment sales; Lessee records leasing on balance sheet and take depreciation on assets. Please refer to the attached CRA or IRS regulations for further illustration.
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22.4 The Cash Flows of (Operating) Leasing

Capital leasing is (generally) no different from sales.


Same budgeting process as sales Lessor: asset sale Lessee: asset on balance sheet, dep. tax shield

Operating leasing
Lessor: asset on balance-sheet

takes depreciation and enjoys tax-deduction of depreciation


Lessee: Off-balance-sheet

lease payment tax-deductible

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Incremental cashflow approach to lease: An example Zee Movers needs to acquire 50 more cars. Each car will generate $12,000 per year in added sales for the next five years. The firm has a corporate tax rate of 40%. The car would qualify for a CCA (cost of capital allowance) rate of 40% (rental car). There is no residual value of the car after five years. Assume that this is an operating lease. Two options:
(1) Each car can be purchased at a wholesale price of 20,000. (2) Each car can be leased through an operating leasing with Tiger Leasing at a payment of $5,000 each year for five years (payable at the beginning of each year). Suppose that all the conditions for operating lease are met.

Buy or lease?
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Example contd: Tax shield on CCA for car


Year 0 1 $1,600 UCC CCA1 Tax Shield4

2
3 4 5 Residual at yr 5 9,600 5,760 3,456 2,074 3,840 2,304 1,382

2,560
1,536 922 553 829.6

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Contd: Incremental cashflows of leasing compared with buying


If the cars are leased, then:
1. Lease payment of 5,000 each year. Tax-deductible expenses. Lease payment shield = lease payment * tax rate

If buy, then:
1. 2. 3. OwnershipDepreciate for tax purposes. Cash outlay of 20,000 at time 0. Tax deduction due to residual value loss.

Note: The added sales of 12,000 each car apply to both leasing and buying, so the incremental cashflow of added sales for leasing is zero. Timing of cashflow: (a bit different from the text)
Lease rental payment happens in advance Depreciation happens in arrears
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Contd: Incremental Cashflows: Lease minus buy


Year (1) AT lease payment 0 -3000 1 -3000 2 -3000 3 -3000 4 -3000 5 After-tax cash flows from leasing

After-tax cashflows from buying the asset Asset cost Dep. tax shield Residual tax shield (2) Net cash from buying Differential cashflow (3) Lease minus buy 17,000 -4600 -5560 -4536 -3922 -1382 -20,000 1600 2560 1536 921.6 -20,000 1600 2560 1536 921.6 552.8 829.6 1,382

Note: (3) = (1) (2)


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Contd: Incremental cashflowsTextbook method


Same cashflow, but view things from the aggregate of (lease-buy):
Lease: Lease payment (outflow) + lease payment tax shield (inflow) Effects of Minus Buy: Save on initial purchase price (inflow), but bypass depreciation tax shields (outflow).

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22.6 NPV Analysis of the Lease-vs.-Buy Decision


Lease payment is like interest payment!Cashflows are deterministic once the lease contract is entered into. A lease payment is like the debt service on a secured bond issued by the lessee. A lessee incurs a liability equal to the present value of all future lease payments. (Lease displaces debtDebt displacement) In practice, many companies discount both the depreciation tax shields and the lease payments at the after-tax interest rate on secured debt issued by the lessee.

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Example contd: NPV of leasing


Assume that Zee can either borrow or lend at 11% interest rate. What is the NPV of the lease? AT discount rate =

NPV = 17,000 4,600/1.066 5,560 /1.0662 4,536 /1.0663 3,922/1.0664-1382/1.0665 = 6.21


Lease or buy?

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What if there is economic residual value left?


To make it compatible with laws, the lease needs to be an operating lease. One way is to specify sufficiently high residual value. Lets suppose 5 years later, the cars are returned to Tiger Leasing with a residual guarantee value of 15%, which is also the residual economic value. Everything else remains the same. Whats your answer now?

CF to lease wont change. Changes in CF to buy:


If you buy, 5 years later you dispose of (sell) the asset for 15% of purchase price. You realize some proceeds; You pay (deduct) taxes if there is capital gains (loss) in asset disposal. (Depreciation Recapture when terminating the pool.)
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Contd: Add residual guarantee to valuation


Year Depreciation schedule Residual book Residual guarantee (1) After-tax cashflows from buying the asset 0 1 4000 2 6400 3 3840 4 2304 5 1382 2074

Asset cost
Depreciation tax shield AT Residual cashflow (2) Net cash from buying

-20,000
1600 -20,000 1,600 2560 2,560 1536 1,536 921.6 922 552.8 3,182

Notes: (1) Residual guarantee = (2) AT Residual cashflow =

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Contd: Solution
After-tax rental payment Net cash from buying Lease minus buy NPV IRR Decision? -3000 -20000 17000 -1301 9.60% -3000 1600 -4600 -3000 2560 -5560 -3000 1536 -4536 -3000 922 -3922 3182 -3182

Please refer to the spreadsheet in the course webpage.

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22.8 Does Leasing Ever Pay: The Base Case


Cashflow to Tiger Leasing (the lessor) is just the opposite of that to Zee Movers (the lessee) in the leasing: Lease minus sell (for the case of no residual value)
Year Negative of Asset sale AT lease income Dep. tax shield Residual tax shield 0 -20,000 3000 3000 1600 3000 2560 3000 1536 3000 921.6 552.8 829.6 1 2 3 4 5

Net CF

-17,000

4600

5560

4536

3922

1382

NPV: Same tax rate and same discount rate: -6.21!


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A zero-sum game for lessee and lessor if


Both are at the same corporate tax bracket Both borrow and lend at the same rate No transaction costs No leasing would ever occur!

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22.9 Reasons for Leasing


Taxes may be reduced by leasing in operating leasing.
The principal benefit of long-term leasing is tax reduction. Leasing allows the transfer of tax benefits from those (lessee) who need equipment but cannot take full advantage of the tax benefits of ownership to a party (lessor) who can.

The lease contract may reduce certain types of uncertainty (the residual value risk at the end of the contract is borne by the lessor, and it may be in a better position to bear this risk) Transactions costs can be higher for buying an asset and financing it with debt or equity than for leasing the asset.

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An Illustration of Benefit of Tax Reduction: Tax Arbitrage Back to the example where theres no economic residual. Suppose Zee (the LESSEE) is still in the 40% tax bracket, but Tiger Leasing (the LESSOR) is in the 30% tax bracket instead. Can leasing happen in this case? (i.e., Can both firms have a positive NPV?)
Whats changed? For Lessee, nothing is changed: same tax rate, same interest rate, same payment Same incremental cashflow in Lease vs. buy decision. + NPV.

For Lessors Lease vs. sell decision, after-tax cashflow is now changed AT lease income Depreciation and residual tax shield AT discount rate as well!
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Tax arb. contd: Lease vs. sell (no residual guarantee)


Year Depreciation Residual After-tax cash flows from leasing After-tax rental income Depreciation tax shield 3500 3500 1200 3,500 20,000 -16,500 $91.16 4,700 5,420 4,652 4,191 1,037 4,700 3500 1920 5,420 3500 1152 4,652 3500 691 4,191 415 0 1 4000 2 6400 3 3840 4 2304 5 1,382 2,074

Residual tax shield


Net cash from leasing Selling Asset proceeds Diff: Lease minus sell NPV

622
1,037

Notes: 1. Depreciation tax shield and lease payment is now calculated at tax rate of 30%. 2. Discount rate for NPV is:
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Tax arb. contd: Reservations and Negotiations


What is the smallest lease payment that Lessor (Tiger Leasing) will accept? Set their NPV to zero (break-even) and solve for the payment. What is the highest lease payment that Lessee (Zee Movers) can pay? Set their NPV to zero (break-even) and solve for the payment. As long as the highest payment from the lessee is larger than the smallest payment for the lessor, it is feasible to lease.
Feasible lease payment: [lessors smallest lease payment, lessees largest lease payment]

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Derivation of reservation payment: Lessee


Three components: PV of Depreciation (and residual loss) Tax Shield PV of AT lease paymentAnnuity (in advance) Equipment cost at time 0 Set 3 2 1 = 0. (Answer: $5002)
For Zee Movers:

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Contd

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Derivation of reservation payment: Lessor


Three components:
1. PV of Depreciation (and, if any, residual loss) Tax Shield 2. PV of AT lease paymentAnnuity (in advance) 3. Equipment proceeds at time 0

Set 1+2 -3 = 0.

Repeat the same exercise for Tiger Leasing.


Note that tax rate, and hence AT discount rate, are different. Answer: $4970. Lease will happen with a lease payment in [4970, 5002].
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Review Questions
How would you evaluate a capital lease through incremental cashflow approach? Give the incremental cashflow from the perspective of lease vs. buy.

Assigned problems: #22. 1, 2-6, 8, 11 (Assume operating leasing for incremental cashflow analysis.)
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