APPLICATION OF INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

Current Transformers Voltage Transformers - Electro-magnetic Type - Capacitor Type

for Metering &Protection

ESSENTIAL PRE-REQUISITES FOR INSRTUMENT TRANSFORMERS

1.HIGH RELIABILITY 2.CAPABILITY TO WITHSTAND HIGHEST SYSTEM LOAD AND FAULT CURRENTS AND TRANSIENT VOLTAGES 3.LOW MAINTENANCE 4.LONG AND TROUBLE-FREE SERVICE

Current Transformers
Specification Requirements

Service Conditions:Pollution Levels-- Normal, Heavy Rated Primary Current Rated Short Time Current B.I.L Number of Ratios Number of Cores Output ,Accuracy,Accuracy limit factor etc of Individual Core

Requirement of Metering And Protective Current Transformers

Metering Should maintain accuracy within limits over -Entire Current range of 20 to 120 % of rated current -Burden Range of 25 to 100 % & Preferably saturate beyond the Rated current Protection Should maintain accuracy from beyond the rated current to the highest possible fault current in any location
Consequently should not saturate up to highest fault current

Current Transformers

Definition of Accuracy
Ratio Error or Current Error: Kn Is - Ip * 100 percent Ip Phase Error or Phase displacement: Difference between the Primary Current and Secondary Current Vectors

Vector Diagram of C.T

Variation of Ratio Error Permitted With 0.5 & 1.0 Accuracies

VARIATION OF PHASE ERROR WITH BURDEN

VARIATION OF ERRORS WITH PRIMARY CURRENT Accuracy % Ratio Error at Phase Displacement at Class % of Primary Current % of Primary Current 5 20 100 120 5 20 100 120 0.2 0.5 1.0 0.75 0.35 0.2 0.2 1.5 3.0 0.75 0.5 0.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 30 15 60 45 180 90 10 30 60 10 30 60

C3

C5

P2

P1

P1

C2

C4

C6

S1

S2

S3

S4

S1

S2

SECONDARY RECONNECTION
PRIMARY SECONDARY RATIO TERMINALS TERMINALS P1 P2 S1 S2 100/1 P1 P2 S1 S3 200/1 P1 P2 S1 S4 400/1

PRIMARY RECONNECTION
PRIMARY CONNECT SECONDARY RATIO TERMINALS TERMINALS P1 P2 C1-C2,C3-C4,C5-C6 S1 S2 100/1 P1 P2 C1-C2,C3-C4,C5-C6,C4-P2 S1 S2 200/1 P1 P2 C1-C3-C5-P1,C2-C4-C6-P2 S1 S2 400/1

SECONDARY RECONNECTON V/S PRIMARY RECONNECTION

SECONDARY RECONNECTION ADVANTAGES

PRIMARY RECONNECTION ADVANTAGE

OUTPUT , ACCURACY UNIFORMLY SAME ON ALL RATIOS

INDEPENDENT SELECTION OF RATIO ON INDIVIDUAL CORES RATIO CHANGE POSSIBLE WITHOUT INTERRUPTING POWERE SUPPLY

DISADVANTAGES
RATIOS ON INDIVIDUAL CORES CAN NOT BE INDEPENDANTLY CHOSEN NECESSARY TO INTERRUPT POWER SUPPLY FOR MAKING CHANGE IN RATIOS

DISADVANTAGE.
OUTPUT , ACCURACY ON LOWER RATIOS LOWER THAN WITH HIGHER RATIOS

Force Of Repulsion = KI*I d

Force Of repulsion = K N I* NI d

Normal VA Burden Of Instruments and Meters

Instrument/Meter Ammeters Recording Ammeters Current Coils of -Wattmeters, Power Factor Meters, Kwh, Kvar meters, Recording Wattmeters VA Burden

3 5

Accuracy Classes for Protective Current Transformers

Accuracy Class 5P 10P 15P

Ratio Error at Composite Error at Rated Rated Current A.L.F times Rated Current + or- 1 % + or 3 % + or 5 % + or 5% + or 10% + or 15 %

INTERDEPENDANCE OF VA , ACCURACY, A. L. F
VA= OUTPUT OF CT IN VOLTAMPERES A= CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CORE OF CT

B normal=FLUX DENSITY IN CORE AT NORMAL OUTPUT B sat =FLUX DENSITY IN CORE AT A.L.F A.L.F- ACCURACY LIMIT FACTOR TAKING A SECONDARY CURRENT OF 1 AMP , VOLAGE ACROSS SECONDARY WINDING VA V=--------=VA 1 THEREFORE, VA= 4.44*FREQUENCY(f)*B normal* A*No OF TURNS IN SECONDARY(N)
AS FLUX DENSITY AT A.L.F I S RESTRICTED BY SATURATION IN THE CORE HIGHER A.L.F MEANS LOWER VA AND VICE-VERSA

Requirements for Special Purpose Current Transformers

The performance is specified in terms of _ Minimum Knee Point Voltage _ Maximum Exciting Current at the Rated Knee Point Voltage(K.P.V ) _Maximum Resistance of Secondary Winding at K.P.V _ No Turns Correction

N2 Oil

N2 Oil

Topics for Discussion 1.Pry Current 2.Cost 3.Dynamic withstand 4.Porcelain cost

Dead Tank Type Current Transformer(Hair Pin Type)

Dead Tank Type Current Transformer (Eyebolt Type)

N2

Topics for Discussion 1.Primary Taping 2. E.Q withstand 3.Secondary Terminals 4. Placement of Insulated Secondary 5.Susceptibility for failure in case of oil leakage

Live Tank Current Transformer

CAUSES OF FAILURE
SEAL FAILURE----Causing CT to breathe atmospheric air.More severe in the case of LIVE TANK CTs(NTPC 400kV CTs ) LOOSE H.V CONNECTION-----Causing severe local heating and melting of soldered joints FORMATION OF CONDUCTING DRY BAND----due to premonsoon showers and un-seasonal rains causing external flashover LOOSE P.F TERMINAL CONNECTION----Causing local arcing and consequent weakening of insulation MECHANICAL FAILURE OF PORCELAIN DUE TO GROUND VIBRATIONS----More severe in LIVE TANK CTs due to inherent concentration of weight on top of porcelain

Schematic Diagram of Zero-flux C.T