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CRUDE OIL CHARACTERISTICS

Petroleum/Crude oil

Natural occurring hydrocarbon found below the surface of the earth. Crude Oil means all kinds of hydrocarbons in liquid form in their natural state or obtained by Natural Gas by condensation or extraction. It is a hydrocarbon mixture having simple to most complex structures such as resins, asphaltenes etc. Crude oil is formed by bacterial transformation of Organic matter (carbohydrates/proteins/from plant & animal origin) by decay in presence and/or absence of air into HC rich sediments by undergoing biological/physical and chemical alterations

Chemical Composition

Carbon Hydrogen Sulphur Nitrogen Oxygen Metals

83.0 to 87.0% 10.0 to 14.0 % 0.05 to 6.0 % 0.1 to 2.0 % 0.05 to 1.5 % 0.00 to 0.14 %

Crude Oil Characterization

TRADING : Density, API Gravity TRANSPORTATION: RVP, Pour Point, KV, Wax content CONTAMINATION : Salt content, BS&W PROCESSABILITY : Sulfur, Nitrogen, TAN, Asphaltene, MCR CRACKING POINT : ASTM Distillation LPG POTENTIAL : Light hydrocarbons (GC) CLASSIFICATION : Characterization factor

World Crude Oil Quality

Properties of Crude Oil S in crude Oil (wt%) API Gravity of Crude oil
1985 1990 1995 2001 2010 (Proj) 1.41 1.51 1.14 1.12 1.31

32.7

32.6

32.4

32.2

31.8

Metal in crude oil Residue (ppm wt)

275

286
19.4 3.26

297
19.8 3.61

309
20.2 3.91

320
21.3 4.0

Residue in crude (vol%) 19 S in crude oil residue (wt%)

3.07

Crude Oil Evaluation Scheme

TBP Distillation

Naphtha C5-140C

Kero 140-240C

Gas oil 240-370C

Atm.Resid 370C+

Vac Gas Oil 370-540/600C

SR 540600C+

ALL TESTS ARE CONDUCTED AS PER STANDARD TEST METHODS : ASTM/IP/IS

Properties of Crude oil

Characteristics
Density, gm/ml API gravity Pour point, oC Kinematic Viscosity @40 oC @50 oC Water content, %wt Salt content, ptb Sulphur, %wt TAN, mgKOH/gm CCR, %wt Wax, %wt Asphaltene, %wt ASTMDistillation cracking point, oC Metal content, ppm Nickel/vanadium

Basrah Light
0.8745 30.3 -30 - nil 10 3.1 5.9 1.2 2.6 339 -

Bombay High
0.8200 41.0 21 3.4 - nil 0.09 0.1 1.1 12.7 0.25 372

Arab mix
0.8664 31.6 -24 10.0 8.9 nil L20 2.7 0.14 6.4 2.5 2.3 322

Kuwait
0.8741 30.3 -27 11.1 8.5 nil 2.0 2.8 0.14 5.4 6.0 2.5 335

North Gujarat 0.8932 26.8 27 65.6 31.4 4.1 200 0.08 1.93 2.5 5.9 0.05 367 61/L10

4/23 4/33

API Gravity
API Gravity API =(141.5/sp.gravity)-131.5 Light Crude Oil >31 Mixed Based 22-31 Heavy crude <22

API is a major factor for Crude pricing

BS&W
Base sediments and Water determined by Karl Fischer titration using a Met Rohm 701 KF Automatic Titrator (ASTM D 4377) or by Distillation method, ASTM D4006 Oils with significant water contents, (>5%), do not represent the properties of the "dry" oil.

Flash Point

flash points and fire points of lubricating oils can be determined by ASTM method D 92/IP 170 Many fresh crude oils have flash points below 10oC and/or viscosities above 9.5 cSt at 25oC

Pour Point
The pour point of an oil is the lowest temperature at which the oil will just flow, under standard test conditions. The pour point of the oils is therefore an indication, and not an exact measure, of the temperature at which flow ceases.
ASTM method D 97 - Standard Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Oils (ASTM, 1996a) for pour point determinations. Heavy & waxy oil transportation is a challenge

Viscosity
There are several ASTM Standard Methods for measuring the viscosity of oils. Of these, only methods D 445 Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity Transparent and Opaque Liquids (the Calculatio ofo f Dynamic Viscosity) and D 4486 - Standard Test Method n for Kinematic Viscosity of Volatile and Reactive Liquids, will yield absolute viscosity measurements (ASTM, 1996a). Both of these methods make use of glass capillary kinematic viscometers and will produce absolute measurements in units of centistokes (cSt) only for oils that exhibit Newtonian flow behavior (viscosity independent of the rate of shear).

Products
LPG Naphtha Petrol (BS-II/BSIII) Kerosene ATF Diesel (BS-II/BS-III) LOBS Bitumen RPC Wax
Fuel Oil (High S, Low S)
Fuel Oil (High or low Viscosity) LSHS HPS

Petrochemical feed stock

LABFS HPL Naphtha

Petrochemicals
pX, PTA LAB etc

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