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■ Carbon Equivalent:
Ceq = C + Mn/6 + Cr + Mo+ V + Cu + Ni
5 15
■ Killed Steel
During Steel making process oxygen present is removed
by adding Silica (De oxidizing agent).
ALLOY STEEL
Addition of elements such as Cromium, Nickel,
Molybdenum, Manganese, Silicon along with heat
treatment improves the properties of steels such
as mechanical strength, corrosion resistance,
toughness
MACHINABILITY
RESISTANCE TO
FORGEABILITY
TEMPERATURE
COOLING RATE
IMPACT VALUE
ELONGATION
YIELD POINT
FORMATION
ELASTICITY
STRENGTH
ALLOYING
HARDNESS
STABLITY
ELEMENT
CARBIDE
SCALING
WEAR
HIGH
Silicon ↑ ↑ ↑↑ ↓ ↓ ↑↑↑ ↑ ↓ ↓ ↓↓↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Manganese in
perlit.steels ↑ ↑ ↑ • • ↑ • ↓ • ↓↓ ↑ ↓ •
Manganese in
austenit.steels. ↓↓↓ ↑ ↓ ↑↑↑ – – – ↓↓ – – ↓↓↓ ↓↓↓ ↓↓
Chromium ↑↑ ↑↑ ↑↑ ↓ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓↓↓ ↑↑ ↑ ↓ – ↓↓↓
Nickel in
perlit.steels ↑ ↑ ↑ • • – ↑ ↓↓ – ↓↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Nickel in
austennit.steels ↓↓ ↑ ↓ ↑↑↑ ↑↑↑ – ↑↑↑ ↓↓ – – ↓↓↓ ↓↓↓ ↓↓
Aluminum – – – – ↓ – – – – – ↓↓ – ↓↓
Tungsten ↑ ↑ ↑ ↓ • – ↑↑↑ ↓↓ ↑↑ ↑↑↑ ↓↓ ↓↓ ↓↓
Vanadium ↑ ↑ ↑ • ↑ ↑ ↑↑ ↓↓ ↑↑↑↑ ↑↑ ↑ – ↓
Cobalt ↑ ↑ ↑ ↓ ↓ – ↑↑ ↑↑ – ↑↑↑ ↓ • ↓
Molybdenum ↑ ↑ ↑ ↓ ↑ – ↑↑ ↓↓ ↑↑↑ ↑↑ ↓ ↓ ↑↑
Copper ↑ ↑ ↑↑ • • – ↑ – – – ↓↓↓ • •
Sulphur – – – ↓ ↓ – – – – – ↓↓↓ ↑↑↑ –
Phosphorous ↑ ↑ ↑ ↓ ↓↓↓ – – – – – ↓ ↑↑ –
↑=Increase ↓=Decrease • = constant - = not characteristic or unknown Several arrows =more intensive effect
STAINLESS STEEL
Classification based on
1. Alloying Constituents
2. Metallurgical Microstructure
3. Degree of sensitization
STAINLESS STEEL
Alloying constituents
Martensitic SS.
High hardness (carbon added to the alloy)
Corrosion resistant
Type 410,420.
STAINLESS STEEL
Precipitation Hardened SS
Magnetic
GROUP 1
MODULUS
UTS YS Elongation
ALLOYS UNS NO OF HARDNESS
(PSI) ( PSI) (%) min
ELASTICITY
1) Austenitic SS
Type 304 S 30,400 75,000 30,000 30 29,000,000 80 RB
Type 304L S 30,403 70,000 25,000 35 29,000,000 75 RB
Type 316 S 31,600 75,000 30,000 30 28,000,000 80 RB
Type 316 L S 31,603 70,000 25,000 35 28,000,000 75 RB
2) Ferritic SS
Type 430 S 43,000 60,000 30,000 20 29,000,000 85 RB
Type 439 S 43,035 60,000 30,000 20 29,000,000 90 RB
Type 409 S 40,900 55,000 30,000 20 29,000,000 85 RB
3) Duplex SS
Alloy 2205 S 31,805 90,000 65,000 25 29,000,000 30 RC
70 Mo Plus S 32,950 90,000 70,000 20 29,000,000 30 RC
Alloy 255 S 32,550 1,10,000 80,000 15 30,500,000 32 RC
4) Martensitic SS
Type 410 S 41,000 1,90,000 1,50,000 15 29,000,000 41 RC
Type 420 S 42,000 2,40,000 2,00,000 5 29,000,000 55 RC
Type 440L S 44,050 2,80,000 2,70,000 2 29,000,000 60 RC
5) Precipitatim SS
17.7 PH S 17,700 2,10,000 1,90,000 5 32,500,000 48 RC
17.4 PH S 17,400 1,90,000 1,70,000 8 28,000,000 45 RC
Custom 455 S 45,500 2,30,000 2,20,000 10 29,000,000 48 RC
ASTM / ASME Nomenclature
■ Materials are listed based on their known chemical
composition, manufacturing processes, mechanical
strength etc, in different codes i.e,ASTM, ASME, DIN,
MSS etc, and common UNS number
■ ASTM Standard gives various details of materials like
manufacturing process, Grades, Chemical Composition,
and Mechanical Properties.
■ ASME Code accepts the ASTM materials with some
additional specified properties.
ASTM / ASME Nomenclature
SA 312 TP 304
S : ASME approved Material
A : Ferrous
312 : Manufacturing Process No.
TP : Tubular Product
304 : Grade
SA 234 GR WPB
S : ASME approved Material
A : Ferrous
234 : Manufacturing Process No.
GR : Grade.
WP : Wrought Product
B : Grade
ASTM / ASME Nomenclature
■ SA 350 LF 2 : Low Temperature Forging Grade 2
SERVICE PRESSURE
PLATE PIPE FORGING
TEMPERATURE (°F) BOLTING
L
(-75) – (-51) SA 203 GR.A OR B SA 333 GR.3 SA 350 GR. BOLTS: SA 320
O
LF3 GR.L7
W
NUTS: SA 194
GR.4
T (-50) – (-21) SA 516 ALL SA 333 GR.1
E GRADES IMPACT
M TESTED
P
E
R
(-20) – (+4) SA 516 ALL
A
GRADES OVER 1 IN.
T
THICK IMPACT
U SA 350 GR.
TESTED
R LF1 OR LF2 BOLTS: SA 193
E SA 53
GR.B7
(SEAMLESS) OR
NUTS: SA 194
(+5) – (+32) SA 516 ALL SA 106
GR.2H
GRADES OVER 1 IN.
THICK IMPACT
TESTED
Material Selection for Temperature (Continued…)
SERVICE PRESSURE
PLATE PIPE FORGING
TEMPERATURE (°F) BOLTING
DESCRIPTION CS AS SS DSS