An Efficient QoS Scheduling Architecture for IEEE 802.

16 Wireless MANs
Supriya Maheshwari
Under the guidance of

Prof. Sridhar Iyer Prof. Krishna Paul

and

Broadband Wireless Access

Broadband Wireless Access (Contd)

High demand for last-mile broadband access. Advantages of Broadband Wireless Access

Fast deployment and high scalability. High speed network access at low cost. Broad geographic area.

IEEE 802.16 WirelessMAN standard for Broadband Wireless Access systems.

Need for a QoS Scheduling Architecture for IEEE 802.16

IEEE 802.16 has been designed to support QoS in both downlink and uplink directions. IEEE 802.16 proposes uplink scheduling services and request-grant mechanisms to provide different levels of services for various classes of uplink traffic. Main component to accomplish this task i.e. packet scheduling mechanism is unspecified.

Bandwidth Request-Grant Protocol

2.1 5.1 SS1 4. 1. BS BS allocates allocates bandwidth bandwidth to to SSs SSs for for transmitting basedrequest. on their transmitting data bandwidth bandwidth requests. Bandwidth is 2.1 SS1 transmits bandwidth requests. also requesting more 2.2 SS2allocated transmitsfor bandwidth requests. bandwidth. 5.1 SS1 transmits data and bandwidth requests. 5.2 SS2 transmits data and bandwidth requests.

BS

1 4

2.2 5.2

SS2

Need for a QoS Scheduling Architecture for IEEE 802.16

BS completely controls transmission in downlink direction. Request-Grant protocol is used for uplink bandwidth allocation which involves both BS and SS. Uplink Scheduling is complex as it needs to be in accordance with uplink QoS provisions provided by IEEE 802.16. Therefore, a single scheduling algorithm for the whole system does not suffice.

Problem Statement

Propose an efficient QoS scheduling architecture for IEEE 802.16 Wireless MANs. Design Goals

To provide delay and bandwidth guarantees for various kinds of applications. To maintain fairness among various flows based on their priority. To achieve high bandwidth utilization.

IEEE 802.16 Features

WirelessMAN air interface for fixed point to multipoint Broadband Wireless Access. 10-66 GHz frequency range. Supports channel as wide as 28 MHz and data rate upto 134 Mbps. Provides QoS support for various applications. Bandwidth on demand. Link adaptation. High security.

Contd

Downlink and Uplink channel. Supports both TDD and FDD. Downlink channel is a broadcast channel. Uplink is shared among all SSs through DAMA-TDMA

The TDD Frame

The Uplink Downlink Subframe Subframe

Existing QoS Provisions of IEEE 802.16

MAC Service Flows Uplink Scheduling Services

Unsolicited Grant Service (UGS)

Real-Time Polling Service (rtPS)

Support applications generating constant bit rate traffic periodically. Provides fixed bandwidth at periodic intervals.

Non Real-Time Polling Service (nrtPS)

Supports real-time applications generating variable bit rate traffic periodically. Offers periodic opportunities to request bandwidth.
Supports non-real-time applications generating variable bit rate traffic regularly. Offers opportunities to request bandwidth regularly. Offers no guarantee.

Best Effort (BE)

Bandwidth Requests and Grants

Ways

Bandwidth request packet. Piggybacking bandwidth request with normal data packet.

Request can be made during time slot assigned by base station for sending request or data. Grant modes

Grant per Connection (GPC). Grant per Subscriber Station (GPSS).

Proposed QoS Scheduling Architecture for IEEE 802.16

Design Goals

To provide bandwidth and delay guarantees to various applications and maintain fairness among various flows while still achieving high bandwidth utilization.
Scalable and efficient. Smaller Uplink control information. Suitable for real-time applications which require faster response. Enhances system performance.

Uses GPSS mode.

Supports all types of service flows.

Working of Components

BS/SS Data Classifier

Maps an IP packet to a particular connection. Examines and shapes the incoming traffic. Grant at tk = t0 + k * Interval Deadline = tk + Jitter Maps each grant to the corresponding SS.

BS/SS Traffic Shaper

BS Periodic Grant Generator

BS Uplink Grant Classifier

Working of Components (Contd)

BS Frame Partitioner

Divides total frame bandwidth equally between downlink and uplink subframe. For each connection, aggregate request based on current queue length is generated.

SS Request Generator

BS Uplink Map Generator

Allocates bandwidth to each SS for uplink transmission. Uses two stage max-min fair allocation strategy. Order of transmission among SSs is decided based on deadline of UGS data.

Example
Total Uplink Bytes = 100
2 SS and 1 BS SS1 Demands: UGS = 20 rtPS = 12 nrtPS = 15 BE = 30 SS2 Demands: UGS = 10 rtPS = 10 nrtPS = 15 BE = 20 SS1 Allocation = 20 +12 + 15 + 9 = 56 SS2 Allocation = 10 +10 + 15 + 9 = 44

Flows: UGS 1st Round 40 30 Excess Bytes = 18 2nd Round 30 30 Excess Bytes = 2 3rd Round 30 30

rtPS 30 22
22 22 22 22

nrtPS 20 20

BE 10 10

20+12 10+6 32 16 30 30 16+2 18

Total Demand Per Flow: UGS = 30 rtPS = 22 nrtPS = 30 BE = 50

Working of Components (Contd)

BS Downlink Scheduler

Reserved flows are served using WFQ scheduling algorithm. Remaining bandwidth is allocated to unreserved flows. Separate queue for each connection except for nrtPS and BE flows with no reservation, divided into four categories. UGS flows are served first. rtPS and reserved nrtPS and BE flows are served using WFQ scheduling. Remaining bandwidth is allocated to unreserved flows.

SS Uplink Scheduler

Implementation Details

Qualnet 3.6 Network Simulator is used for simulation. IEEE 802.11b PHY as physical layer.

BS State Transition Diagram

SS State Transition Diagram

Simulation Setup

Frame Duration=10ms Bandwidth=11Mbps Channel is assumed to be error-free. Performance Metrics

Effective Bandwidth Utilization Average Delay

Effective Bandwidth Utilization Vs Offered Load [Scenario 1]

Offered load by UGS > rtPS > nrtPS > BE

Maximum Effective Bandwidth Utilization ~ 93%

Effective Bandwidth Utilization Vs Offered Load [Scenario 2]

Offered load by UGS < rtPS < nrtPS < BE

Maximum Effective Bandwidth Utilization ~ 93%

Effective Bandwidth Utilization Vs Number of SS [Scenario 1]

Offered load by UGS > rtPS > nrtPS > BE

Maximum Effective Bandwidth Utilization ~ 88%

Effective Bandwidth Utilization Vs Number of SS [Scenario 2]

Offered load by UGS < rtPS < nrtPS < BE

Maximum Effective Bandwidth Utilization ~ 88%

Average Delay Vs Number of SS

Maximum Subscriber Stations ~ 15

Average Delay Vs Time [Scenario 1]

Offered load by UGS > rtPS > nrtPS > BE

UGS and rtPS flows experience low delay.

Average Delay Vs Time [Scenario 2]

Offered load by UGS < rtPS < nrtPS < BE

UGS and rtPS flows experience low delay.

Average Delay Vs Time [Scenario 3]

Three SSs with different type of uplink flows. SS1 - UGS and rtPS SS2 - UGS and nrtPS

SS3 - UGS and BE

Fairness is maintained among flows across SSs

Conclusion

An efficient QoS scheduling architecture for IEEE 802.16 is necessary to provide required QoS guarantees to various applications.
Proposed an efficient QoS scheduling architecture for IEEE 802.16. IEEE 802.16 MAC has been implemented in Qualnet 3.6 along with the proposed architecture. Simulation results are presented to show that our architecture fulfills the stated design goals.

Future Work

Contention slot allocation algorithm can be designed.

Admission control mechanism can be devised. Performance Study of IEEE 802.16 MAC over IEEE 802.11b PHY.

References

IEEE 802.16-2001. IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems. Apr. 8, 2002. GuoSong Chu, Deng Wang, and Shunliang Mei. A QoS architecture for the MAC protocol of IEEE 802.16 BWA system. IEEE International Conference on Communications, Circuits and Systems and West Sino Expositions, 1:435 439, June 2002. Mohammed Hawa and David W. Petr. Quality of Service Scheduling in Cable and Broadband Wireless Access Systems. Tenth IEEE International Workshop on Quality of Service, pages 247255, May 2002. Abhay K. Parekh and Robert G. Gallagher. A generalized processor sharing approach to flow control in integrated services networks: the multiple node case. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., 2(2):137150, 1994. 21

References

C. Eklund, R. B. Marks, K. L. Stanwood, and S. Wang, IEEE Standard 802.16: A Technical Overview of the WirelessMANTM Air Interface for Broadband Wireless Access, IEEE Communications Magazine, 40(6):98107, June 2002. Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks, Prentice-Hall India, Fourth edition, 2003. S. Keshav. An Engineering Approach to Computer Networking. Pearson Education, Sixth edition, 2003.