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Objectives
To determine the natural frequencies of a cantilever beam with two end masses To plot and animate the modes of vibration using Star Modal software
Equipment Needed
FFT Analyzer Star Modal Software Beam with End mass C clamp Impact Hammer Accelerometer External power ICP Battery Power Unit Bees Wax Masking Tape
External Power
CPU
Mass 2
LOAD CELL
IN 1 & IN 2
Mass 1
Table
ICPBattery2
XDCR SCOPE
ICPBattery 1
XDCR SCOPE
CABLES
Using Multimeter
1. Check all the cables with a multimeter
Beam Dimensions
Measure the width, length and thickness of the beam Use the vernier calipers or the micrometer to measure the thickness Turn off the battery of the Calipers
Mass Measurements
Weigh the mass of both the masses on the weighing scale(Make necessary assumptions regarding the mass of the beam and justify them in your report) Turn off the power after taking the measurement
3. Mount the Cantilever bar with end masses to the bench with the C clamp; mount it square to the table and keep in mind the length considerations. Measure the length between the masses and length between the second mass and the table edge
Connections
1. Secure the beam with end mass using C-Clamp 2.Mount the Accelerometer to mass1 properly 3.Connect the end of accelerometer to XDCR terminal of the ICP Battery 2 4.Connect the end of Impact Hammer to XDCR terminal of another ICP Battery1 5.Connect the Scope end of ICP Battery 1 to IN 1 terminal of the Analyzer card 6.Connect the Scope end of ICP Battery 2 to IN 2 terminal of Analyzer card 7. Connect the ICP Batteries to power source and set gain to unity initially
Connections
Make all the connections properly
Monitor
HAMMER
External Power
Masking Tape LOAD CELL Accelerometer
CPU
ANALYZER CARD IN 1
Table
IN 2
Mass 1
ICPBattery 2
Mass 2
XDCR SCOPE
ICPBattery1
XDCR SCOPE
Click on Cancel, as we need to start a New Project, but not open an existing one
Menu Bar
ShortCut Keys
This is the Starting Screen or the work Template of the STAR Modal Software
Starting STAR
Once the file name is given, a window named Project Slate appears on the screen Project ID is displayed Project Information may be entered for future references For determining the Mode shapes, the Test Setup is the default, Fixed Response The measurement units are in SI system The Driving point DOF indicates the direction of response, which is 1Z, where 1 indicates the point number in the given case.
Defining Geometry
Click on Tables, Mesh Generator to get the window shown As we mesh the beam as a line element in the X direction for this experiment, check off the Activated option in the Y direction As we have two masses, we mesh the beam as two parts STAR designates the starting point as 1 by default
See Next Slide before you Click
Defining Geometry
Name the component Coordinate system used is Rectangular for the experiment Click Ok A confirmation message appears Click Ok Now click Close Clicking Ok may result in dual mesh or an error message
Assigning Coordinates
Click Tables, Coordinates on the Menu Bar A default Coordinate table appears Click on Point 1, to define coordinates of Point 1 (0,0,0) in given case Point 2 has Coordinates (L1,0,0) where L1 is the distance between two masses M1 and M2 Pont 3 has coordinates (L2,0,0) where L2 is the distance between mass M2 and the clamp end of the table
Saving Coordinates
The assigned Coordinates may be saved by clicking on the File, Save or File,Save as options as shown for further reference
Setting Constraints
The line element is fixed at the point 3 Hence give a value 1 to the Coefficient for Line 1 in the Z direction This constrains the Line element from any motion at the end, thus imposing the fixed end constraint
Saving Constraints
The constraints applied may be saved either by the File, Save option or by File, Save as option for future references
Displaying Structure
Minimize the STAR Modal Software window, at this point of time Do not close it, Repeat..do not close STAR Click on the Signal Calc Analyzer icon to start the Signal Ace Analyzer
Analyzer Icon
Menu Bar
Channel Settings
Sampling Parameters
In the given case, the frequency span has been set to a value of 312.5 Hz The resolution may be set to 800 Note that you can change the values by dragging the slider or by manual entry Ensure to press the Return key in case of Manual Entry The Overlap field may be ignored currently
The signal level should be as close as possible to the full scale without overloading the channel
In the given case, we trigger off Channel 1, as channel 1 is the Hammer Too high a trigger level requires a large excitation leading to nonlinear vibration whereas Too Low a trigger level can cause triggering even without any impact
Save the test at this point of time by clicking on the File, Save Menu. Save the test in the Temp directory with some unique file name Click on Display => Layout Manager to get the screen shown above and Click on My Layout which may be renamed also Check options Preview,Run, Review, Auto Range and Click Ok. This enables to save and retrieve the existing settings and graphs to be displayed later even in case of some unexpected system/software crash/failure
Click on My Layout in the Scroll Down Menu above In case all the parameter options disappear click on the short cut buttons to regain the same Close any graph windows except H1,2(Transfer Function window) open in the software at this time
Displaying Graphs
Go to the Menu Bar Click on Display Click on New Graph, It displays the above screen
Graphs to be Displayed
Display the Live X1 and Window Shape W1 graph as described earlier Live Signals with windows super posed represent the actual signal as in an oscilloscope The graph title can be changed in the same state by unchecking the Default title option
For importance of Graphs displayed, you may please refer to the presentation on Natural Frequency Determination of a Cantilever Beam with an End Mass
Graphs to be Displayed
Display the Live X2 and Window 2 Graph The live time history signals with the windows superposed are used to select the appropriate window parameters and also check for any double impact or hits during the experiment
Graphs to be Displayed
Display the C 1,2 graph from the C x,y Coherence function of the base signals in the Signal Selector. The coherence should be as close to 1 as possible. Too low a coherence indicates error in measurement Display the G1,1 graph from the G x,x Average Auto Power Spectrum function. It may be noted that the fall in the Magnitude should not be more than 20 to 30dB in the frequency range of interest Also display the H1,2 graph in case it has been deleted. The peaks in H1,2 correspond to the natural frequencies of the system Use the Tile Windows Horizontally function from the Window option from the main menu bar to display all the graphs in an orderly fashion Save the test once again.
At the left bottom corner of the screen you can see an instruction saying Waiting for Trigger
Observe that the Frames counter at the top will read 0 initially
Observe that Cur Pt on the Info tab is 1 for Ch#1 The system is waiting to be triggered
Next Slide..
Once the Mass is hit by the hammer and the signal is fine, an instruction saying Waiting for capture completion appears Once the signal is captured the software prompts for trigger, when the next hit should be made
After the five averages for the first mass are over, an Auto Save message appears Click Ok Observe that now the Cur Pt of Ch#1 is incremented to 2 after you click Yes,indicating that you should now excite Mass2 Also observe the instruction Waiting for Trigger
Curve Fitting
Ignore any warning message Click Yes on the message The measurement window now shows a plot and gets renamed as Frequency Response
Curve Fitting
Change the Units near the left side of the plot from Real to Log Mag by clicking on Real Check Both Traces The Frequency Response window now shows a plot with Log Mag on Y axis and Frequency(Hz) along the X-axis
Curve Fitting
The modes may be identified from the dominant peaks Bands have to be set for curve fitting the mode shapes in the frequency range of interest Set the cursors to fit the first peak in the band and Click on Set Change the Band number to 2 and set the cursors to fit the second peak Click on Set again Check the Fit Function and List results on
Curve Fitting
Check the Autofit option Click Fit after the bands are set Autopreferences window is shown Since we have response only in the Z direction uncheck X,Y,R,T,P Mode shapes for all the points are desired, hence check ALL Click Ok
Plotting Modeshapes
Animated plots of mode shapes may be obtained by clicking the Show Structure icon The mode shapes are depicted The animation may be adjusted as per requirements Mode shapes may also be varied by clicking the respective Mode number in the View Control Panel The mode shapes may be printed by Clicking on Edit, Still/Copy/Print option in the Show Structure Menu A frame wise animation can also be viewed by adjusting the Animation Controls Once the Mode Shapes have been printed and the Frequency Results are noted, Click on Save Project
Plotting Modeshapes
Click on Show Structure A Frequency Domain animation window appears with a mode number and a corresponding animated mode shape The mode number can be changed by controls in the View Control panel Mode shapes may be printed by clicking on the Edit button
Plotting Modeshapes
Click on Show Structure A Frequency Domain animation window appears with a mode number and a corresponding animated mode shape The mode number can be changed by controls in the View Control panel Mode shapes may be printed by clicking on the Edit button
Be Professional
End