VIROLOGY

Dr.Anita Mathew-Davis

VIRUSES CAUSING RESPIRATORY INFECTION ADENOVIRUS:

1. 2. double-stranded DNA Transmitted by direct contact, fecal-oral transmission, and occasionally waterborne transmission
Symptoms of respiratory illness Diagnosis: Antigen detection, polymerase chain reaction assay, virus isolation, and serology can be used to identify adenovirus infections

3. 4.

 RHINOVIRUS:
picornaviridae. Transmission: By aerosols, fomites, hand to hand. Clinical features: Common cold Isolation, PCR

 RSV:
group paramyxovirus. It is a single stranded DNA virus Upper as well as lower respiratory tract infection in children. Wide spectrum namely pneumonia, tracheobronchitis & bronchiolitis.Common cold in adults Combination therapy of ribavirin & palivizumab

PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS
paramyxovirus. It has a single stranded RNA genome More common in children. May present with common cold. At times croup. A severe from of croup may progress from barking cough to stridor.

INFLUENZA:
There are 3 types of influenza virus A, B & C.They have been divided based on their nucleoprotein & matrix protein antigen. Major antigenic variation: Shifts. Minor: Drifts. Clinical features: Headache, myalgia, fever, sorethraot, cough, arthralgia, photophobia NSAID, Amantidine, Rimantadine for A. Oseltamavir & Zanamivir in both A &B.

VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS
Many different viruses can cause gastroenteritis these include rotavirus, noroviruses, adenoviruses, type 40 or 41, sapoviruses, and astroviruses. The viruses that cause gastroenteritis are spread through close contact with infected persons Rotavirus and norovirus infections are the most common cause of diarrhea in infants and young children under 5 years old. Rotaviruses are non-enveloped, double-shelled viruses. The genome is composed of 11 segments of double-stranded RNA.

 Watery diarrhea and vomiting. The affected person may also have headache, fever, and abdominal cramps ("stomach ache"). Treatment:The most important of treating viral gastroenteritis in children and adults is to prevent severe loss of fluids (dehydration).

 ENTEROVIRUS:
Enteroviruses are small viruses that are made of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein. This group includes the polioviruses, coxsackie viruses, echoviruses, and other enteroviruses. Enteroviruses can be found in the respiratory secretions (e.g., saliva, sputum, or nasal mucus) and stool of an infected person

The non-polio virus causes infections such as Summer gripe Generalised disease of newborns Aseptic meningitis Hand foot & mouth disease Herpangina Myocarditis & pericarditis Conjunctivitis Diagnosis: Cell culture Culture of body fluids like CSF etc. PCR Serological testing.

Poliovirus:
The mode of infection in polio is through the feco-oral route. The poliovirus is known to infect the epithelial cells of the GIT & then to replicate in the submucosal lymphoid tissue of the tonsil & Peyers patches. Prevention: OPV & IPV.

 MEASLES RUBELLA MUMPS

RHABDOVIRIDAE
RNA virus Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Features: Nonspecific syndrome Acute encephalitis Profound brainstem dysfunction Death & rarely ever recovery

VIRAL HEMORRHAGIC FEVERS: Ebola Marburg Dengue hemorrhagic fever HantaVirus Lassa Fever Congo fever Yellow fever

FEVER WIH ARTHRITIS Chikungunya Sindbis Epidemic polyarthritis ENCEPHALITIS Japanese encephalitis West Nile encephalitis St Louis encephalitis.