Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Chapter 9 Objectives
Calculate the torque created by a force. Solve problems by balancing two torques in rotational equilibrium. Define the center of mass of an object. Describe a technique for finding the center of mass of an irregularly shaped object. Calculate the moment of inertia for a mass rotating on the end of a rod. Describe the relationship between torque, angular acceleration, and rotational inertia.
Chapter 9 Vocabulary
angular acceleration center of gravity center of mass center of rotation lever arm line of action moment of inertia rotational equilibrium rotational inertia torque translation
9.1 Torque
Motion in which an entire object moves is called translation. Motion in which an object spins is called rotation.
An object can both rotate and translate.
9.1 Torque
A torque is an action resulting from a force that causes objects to rotate. Torque is not the same thing as force. Torque is created by force, but torque also depends on the point of application and the direction of the force.
A door pushed at its handle will easily turn and open, but a door pushed near its hinges will not move as easily.
9.1 Torque
The point or line about which an object turns is its center of rotation. A force applied far from the center of rotation produces a greater torque than a force applied close to the center of rotation. Doorknobs are positioned far from the hinges to provide the greatest amount of torque for a given force.
9.1 Torque
Torque is created when the line of action of a force does not pass through the center of rotation.
The line of action is an imaginary line that follows the direction of a force and passes though its point of application.
9.1 Torque
To get the maximum torque, the force should be applied in a direction that creates the greatest lever arm.
The lever arm is the perpendicular distance between the line of action of the force and the center of rotation
t=rxF
Force (N)
Calculating a torque
A force of 50 newtons is applied to a wrench that is 30 centimeters long. Calculate the torque if the force is applied perpendicular to the wrench so the lever arm is 30 cm.
1. 2. 3. 4. You are asked to find the torque. You are given the force and lever arm. Use: t = r F. 4. Solve: t = (-50 N)(0.3 m) = -15 Nm
Since the total of both forces must be 1,250 N, that means the force FA on the left must be 850 N.
9.1 When the force and lever arm are NOT perpendicular
When the force and lever arm are not perpendicular, an extra step is required to calculate the length of the lever arm.
1. 2. 3. 4.
You are asked to find the force. You are given the force and lever arm for one condition. Use: t = r F. Solve for the torque required to loosen the bolt t = (50 N)(0.2 m) = 10 Nm 5. Calculate the torque with a force applied at 30 degrees: 10 Nm = F (0.2 m) cos 30o = 0.173 F F = 10 Nm 0.173 = 58 N. It takes a larger force at 30o.
a=ar
Radius of motion (m)
Bicycle Physics
A modern bicycle is the most efficient machine ever invented for turning human muscle power into motion.
Bicycles work by a series of transformations from forces to torques and back.