MANDIBULAR PREMOLARS

Number of mandibular premolars 4 2 on the left side & 2 on the right side

Location:
Posterior to the mandibular canines & anterior to the molars Development: a. Mandibular first premolars are developed from 4 lobes like maxillary premolars b. Mandibular second premolars are developed from 5 lobes 3 are buccal & 2 are lingual

 They were named as bicuspids, which implies to the two functioning cusps But the form of both mandibular premolars fails to confirm to the implications of the term bicuspid

Comparison of sizes:
Mandibular first premolar is smaller in size than the mandibular second premolar

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MAXILLARY AND MANDIBULAR PREMOLARS

MANDIBULAR PREMOLARS

MAXILLARY PREMOLARS

Number and size of cusps: 2 major cusps buccal & lingual. Both are of same size and prominent One major cusp and one or more minor cusps

Diameter of crown: crown is wider bucco lingually than is mesio distally Bucco lingual and mesio distal diameter of the crown is almost the same

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MAXILLARY AND MANDIBULAR PREMOLARS (contd.)

MAXILLARY PREMOLARS

MANDIBULAR PREMOLARS

Inclination of the crown: Buccal surface of the crown is inclined slightly lingually Buccal surface of the crown has a strong lingual inclination

Similarity between 2 premolars: 1st and 2nd premolars are very similar 1st and 2nd premolars are widely different

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MANDIBULAR PREMOLARS:

FIRST PREMOLAR 1. Occlusal outline: Diamond shaped 2. Mesial and distal margins: Squarish or triangular SECOND PREMOLAR

Converge lingually
3. Prominence of buccal & lingual cusps:

Parallel

Buccal cusp is prominent and lingual cusp is rudimentary

Both cusps are equal in size

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MANDIBULAR PREMOLARS:

(contd)

FIRST PREMOLAR 4. Marginal ridges: Mesial marginal ridge is shorter & less prominent 5. Central pit: Totally absent 6. Transverse ridge: It is common, linking buccal and lingual cusps

SECOND PREMOLAR

Both the marginal ridges are equally prominent May be present (in three cusp type) No transverse ridge is seen

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MANDIBULAR PREMOLARS:

(contd)

FIRST PREMOLAR
7. Inclination of mesial marginal ridge: Inclines cervically 8. Sloping of occlusal surface: slopes lingually 9. Mesio lingual groove: Present

SECOND PREMOLAR

It is horizontal

Is horizontal

Generally absent

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MANDIBULAR PREMOLARS:

(contd)

FIRST PREMOLAR
10. Lingual surface: Narrower than buccal

SECOND PREMOLAR
Not much narrower than that of buccal

11. Crown on buccal aspect: Bilaterally asymmetrical Bilaterally symmetrical

CHRONOLOGY AND ERUPTION OF MANDIBULAR PREMOLARS:

Mandibular 1st premolar 2nd premolar 1. First evidence of calcification 13/4 2 yrs 5 6 yrs 10 12 yrs 12 13 yrs 21/4 21/2 yrs 6 7 yrs 11 12 yrs 13 14 yrs

2. Enamel completion
3. Eruption

4. Root completion

MANDIBULAR FIRST PREMOLAR

This is functionally regarded as canine

It is the 4th tooth from the median line & the first posterior tooth in the mandible It is situated between the canine and 2nd premolar and has some characteristics common to each of them

The characteristics that resemble those of the mandibular canine are:

1. Buccal cusp is long & sharp and is the only occluding cusp
2. Bucco lingual measurement is similar to that of canine 3. Sloping of occlusal surface sharply and lingually in a cervical direction 4. MB cusp ridge is shorter than DB cusp ridge

5. Outline form of occlusal aspect resembles that of the incisal

aspect of canine

The characteristics that resemble those of mandibular 2nd premolar are:

1. Except for the longer cusp, the outline of the crown & the
root from the buccal aspect, resembles the 2nd premolar 2. The contact areas, mesially and distally are at the

same level
3. Curvatures of the cervical line mesially & distally are similar 4. The tooth has more than one cusp

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST PREMOLAR IN ALL ASPECTS: BUCCAL ASPECT:

CROWN: From this aspect, the crown is nearly symmetrical bilaterally, and is roughly trapezoidal

Mesial cusp ridge is shorter than the

distal cusp ridge Buccal cusp is high and pointed

Buccal surface is inclined lingually so

that buccal cusp is almost above the centre of cervical cross section of the tooth

CROWN:

The cuspal ridges incline about 300 cervically from apex of cusp The outline form of the crown resembles that of small canine This surface is asymmetrical The MB part is more convex than the DB part, which is flatter Mesially, the centre of the contact area is

occlusal to cervical line

CROWN: The distal slope of the buccal cusp, usually exhibits some concavity The tip of the buccal cusp is pointed & located a little mesial to the centre of crown, buccally The cervix of this crown is narrow

mesiodistally when compared with the

crown width at the contact areas The buccal surface of the crown is more

convex than in maxillary premolars,

especially at the cervical & middle thirds

ROOT: Root is 3 or 4 mm shorter than that of mandibular canine Outline of buccal portion of the root bears a close resemblance to the canine

LINGUAL ASPECT:
CROWN:
Lingual cusp is low & sharp. Crown tapers towards the lingual surface since the lingual measurement mesio-distally is less than that buccally. Most of the mesial & distal surfaces of

both cusps may be seen from this

aspect. The occlusal surface slopes towards the

lingual in a cervical direction down to

the short lingual cusp. Thus, most of the occlusal surface of the tooth can be seen from this aspect.

CROWN: The cervical portion of the crown is narrow and convex, lingually The contact areas & marginal ridges are pronounced & extend out above the narrow cervical portion of the crown The cusp tip is in alignment with the buccal triangular ridge of the occlusal surface The mesial and the distal fossae are on

each side of the triangular ridge.

CROWN:

A characteristic of lingual surface of this

tooth is the mesiolingual developmental

groove.
This groove acts as a line of demarcation

between the mesiobuccal lobe & the

lingual lobe and extends into the mesial fossa of the occlusal surface.

ROOT:

The root is much narrower on the lingual side. There is a narrow ridge, smooth & convex, along the full length of the root. Often developmental depressions in the root may be seen with the developmental grooves mesially. The root tapers evenly from cervix to a pointed apex.

MESIAL & OCCLUSAL ASPECT

MESIAL ASPECT
CROWN:
Crown outline is roughly rhomboidal The tip of the buccal cusp is nearly centered over the root. The convexity of the outline of the lingual lobe is lingual to the outline of the root. The tip of the cusp will be on a line approximately with the lingual border of the root.

The buccal outline of the crown from

this aspect is curved from the cervical line to the tip of the buccal cusp.

CROWN: The crest of the curvature is near the middle-third of the crown

This accented convexity & the location

of the crest of contour are characteristic of all mandibular posterior teeth on the buccal surfaces The lingual outline of the crown is a curved outline of less convexity than that of the buccal surface The crest curvature approaches the middle-third of the crown, lingually

CROWN:

The distance from the cervical line

lingually to the tip of the lingual cusp is

about two-third of that from the cervical

line buccally to the tip of buccal cusp. The lingual border of Mesial MR merges with the developmental depression. Mesio-lingually, this harbors mesiolingual developmental groove. Some of the occlusal surface of crown mesially may be seen with mesial portion of the buccal triangular ridge.

CROWN:

The slope of this ridge parallels the mesial marginal ridge. The sulcus formed by the convergence of buccal & lingual triangular ridges is directly above the mesiolingual groove from this

aspect.
The cervical line is regular, curving occlusally The distance between the contact area and

the cervical line is very short.

ROOT:

The root outline is tapered from the cervix The lingual outline may be straight, buccal outline more curved. The mesial surface of the root is smooth &

flat from the buccal margin to the center.

From this point, it converges lingually toward the root center, displaying a deep

developmental groove in this area.

DISTAL ASPECT
CROWN:
The distal marginal ridge is higher above the cervix, it does not have the extreme lingual

slope of the mesial marginal ridge.

The marginal ridge is confluent with lingual cusp ridge & it has no developmental groove

on the distal marginal ridge.

The major portion of the distal surface of the crown is smoothly convex, the spheroidal form having an unbroken curved surface. The distal contact area is broader than the mesial

CROWN:

The center of the distal contact area is at a point midway between buccal & lingual crests of curvature and midway between the cervical line and the tip of buccal cusp The curvature of the cervical line distally is same as that found mesially, but less curvature is seen

ROOT:

Root surface on the distal side exhibits more convexity than found mesially A shallow developmental depression is centered on the root. The distal surface slopes from the buccal margin toward the center of the root lingually.

OCCLUSAL ASPECT
The usual outline of this tooth in occlusal aspect is roughly diamond shaped & similar to incisal aspect of mandibular canines

The characteristics of mandibular first premolars from occlusal

aspect are : The middle buccal lobe makes up the

major bulk of the tooth crown

Prominent buccal ridge Mesiobuccal & distobuccal line angles

are prominent even though rounded

Contact areas are relatively broad, (distal area being more broader)

 The crown converges sharply to the center of the lingual surface The marginal ridges are well developed.

The lingual cusp is small.

The occlusal surface shows a heavy buccal triangular ridge & a small

lingual triangular ridge.

 The Occlusal surface harbors two

depressions These are called -

mesial & distal fossae

Shows a mesiolingual developmental depression & groove This creates smaller mesial contact area which is in contact with mandibular canine The distal portion of the crown

shows a broader contact area in

contact with the second mandibular premolar

 The mesial fossa- linear in form, sulcate and contains mesial developmental groove; which extends bucco-lingually This becomes mesiolingual developmental groove as it passes over the mesiolingual surface The distal fossa may contain a distal developmental groove that is

crescent shaped

 This distal fossa may harbor a distal developmental pit with

accessory supplemental grooves

radiating from it Because of the position of this crown over the root, most of the buccal surface may be seen from the occlusal aspect, whereas very little of the lingual surface is seen

MEASUREMENT OF MANDIBULAR
1ST PREMOLAR 2ND PREMOLAR 8.0 mm

Cervico-incisal length Of the crown

Length of the root

8.5 mm

14.0 mm
7.0 mm 5.0 mm 7.5 mm 6.5 mm 1.0 mm 0.0 mm

14.5 mm
7.0 mm 5.0 mm 8.0 mm 7.0 mm 1.0 mm 0.0 mm

M-D diameter of the crown

M-D diameter of crown at cervix L-B diameter of crown L-B diameter of crown at cervix Curvature of cervical line - Mesial Curvature of cervical line - distal

MANDIBULAR SECOND PREMOLAR

It resembles the mandibular first premolar from the buccal aspect only This tooth assumes 2 common forms: first form seen most often 3-cusp type, which appears more angular from the occlusal aspect second form 2-cusp type appears more rounded from the occlusal aspect

BUCCAL ASPECT:
CROWN:

It presents a shorter buccal cusp than first premolar Both the contact areas (mesial & distal) are broad The contact areas appear to be higher because of short buccal cusp

ROOT:

The root is broader mesiodistally than that of first premolar Root ends in an apex that is more blunt In other respects, it is similar to first premolar

LINGUAL ASPECT:
From the lingual aspect, the second premolar shows a lot of variations from the first premolar The variations are: The lingual lobes are developed to a greater degree, making the cusp or cusps longer Less of the occlusal surface may be seen Part of the buccal portion of the occlusal surface is also seen since the lingual cusps are not as long as the buccal cusps

In the 3-cusp type, the lingual development

brings about the greatest variation between the two teeth.

 There are a mesio-lingual & disto-lingual cusp, the ML cusp being longer and larger. There is a

groove between them, extending a very short

distance on the lingual surface & usually centered over the root In the 2-cusp type, the single lingual cusp development attains equal height with that of the 3cusp type The 2-cusp type has no groove, but it has a developmental depression distolingually, where the lingual cusp ridge joins the distal marginal ridge

The lingual surface of the crown is smooth,

large, spheroidal, having a bulbous form above the constricted cervical portion

ROOT:
The root is wide lingually, there is less difference in dimension than was first

found on first premolar. This creates a less

convergence towards the lingual

MESIAL ASPECT
CROWN: From the mesial aspect, 2nd premolar differs from the 1st premolar as follows: The crown & root are wider buccolingually The buccal cusp is not centered over the root trunk, and it is shorter The lingual lobe development is greater The marginal ridge is at right angles to the long axis of the tooth

Less of the occlusal surface may be seen

Absence of mesiolingual developmental groove on the crown portion

ROOT:
The root is longer, slightly convex on the mesial surface

The apex of the root is usually more blunt on

the 2nd premolar

DISTAL ASPECT

This aspect of 2nd premolar is similar to the mesial aspect, except that more of the occlusal

surface may be seen

The distal marginal ridge is at a lower level than the mesial marginal ridge

The crowns of all posterior teeth are tipped

distally to the long axes of the roots More of the occlusal surface may be seen from the distal aspect than from the mesial aspect, when the tooth speciman is held vertically

OCCLUSAL ASPECT

The outline form of this tooth shows 2 forms, in which they show some variation from the occlusal aspect The two types are similar in that portion which is buccal to the MB & DB cusp ridges The 3-cusp type appears square, lingual to the buccal cusp ridges The 2-cusp type appears round, lingual to the buccal cusp ridges

 The 3-cusp type or square type shows 3 cusps that are distinctbuccal cusp largest ML cusp DL cusp - second largest - smallest

Each cusp has well-formed triangular ridges, separated by deep developmental grooves These grooves converge in a central pit &

form a Y on the occlusal surface

The central pit is located midway between buccal cusp ridge & lingual margin of

occlusal surface & slightly distal to the

central point between mesial & distal marginal ridges

 Starting at the central pit, the mesial

developmental groove travels in a MB

direction & ends in a mesial triangular fossa, just distal to the mesial marginal ridge The distal developmental groove travels in a DB direction, shorter than mesial groove & ends in the distal triangular fossa, mesial to the distal marginal ridge The lingual developmental groove extends lingually between the two lingual cusps &

ends on the lingual surface of the crown

just below the convergence of the lingual lingual cusp ridges

 ML cusp is wider mesio-distaly than DL cusp. This places the lingual developmental groove distal to the centre of the crown The central developmental groove travels in MD direction. This is straight, more often crescent-shaped

The occlusal characteristics of the 2-cusp type are: 1. Outline of the crown is rounded lingual to the buccal cusp ridges 2. There is some lingual convergence of mesial & distal sides 3. ML & DL line angles are rounded 4. One well developed lingual cusp directly opposite to the buccal cusp in a lingual direction