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0 Energy Storage
Frank R. Leslie,
B. S. E. E., M. S. Space Technology, LS IEEE
3/26/2010, Rev. 2.0 fleslie @fit.edu; (321) 674-7377 www.fit.edu/~fleslie
In Other News . . .
Texas-Size Battery The hoped-for remedy is a battery, a Texas-size battery, which could eventually end up playing an important role in wider use of green power generation such as solar and wind. The U.S. $25 million system, which is now charging and is set to be dedicated April 8, will be the largest use of this energy storage technology in the United States. The four-megawatt sodium-sulfur (NaS) battery system consists of 80 modules, 8,000 pounds (3,600 kilograms) each, constructed by the Japanese firm NGK-Locke. They were shipped to Long Beach, California, in December and transported to Texas aboard 24 trucks. The cost of the battery system includes $10 million just to construct the building in which it will be housed and the new substation it requires.
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/03/100325-presidio-texas-battery/
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18.1 General 18.2 History 18.3 Flywheels 18.4 Ultracapacitors 18.5 Pumped Hydro 18.6 Compressed Gas Storage; H2 18.7 Superconductors 18.8 Ice Storage 18.9 Financial Storage 18.10 Renewable Energy Funding 18.11 Issues and Trends 18.0 Conclusion
Compressed air, flywheels, weight-shifting (pumped water storage) are developing technologies Batteries are traditional for small systems and electric vehicles; grid storage is a financial alternative Energy may be stored financially as credits in the electrical grid Net metering provides the same cost as sale dollars to the supplier; 37 states law; new law needed in Florida
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www.strawbilt.org/systems/ details.solar_electric.html
Best suited to storage periods of 1 second to 60 days Self-discharge and sulphation occur with time Desulphator circuits can reduce sulfates for longer life
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18.3 Flywheels
Flywheels store energy as angular momentum Best suited to storage periods of 1 second to 10 minutes High temperature superconducting bearings reduce bearing friction to 2% of speed drop per day Ball bearings are so inexpensive that the performance gains of magnetic bearings are irrelevant The flywheel case is designed with a shield to contain a failed rotor and its pieces if it shatters and blows up Batteries are much cheaper than flywheel systems Test buses used flywheels that were spun up by electricity at bus stops; no wires along streets
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http://www.et.anl.gov/sections/te/research/flywheel.html
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http://www.uptenergy.com/en/traction/casestudy2.htm
http://www.et.anl.gov/sections/te/research/flywheel.html
18.4 Ultracapacitors
Ultracapacitors are very high capacitance units Best suited to storage periods of 0.1 second to 10 seconds Stored energy is 0.5 C V2 Capacitances now reach 2.7 kF (kilofarad) Carbon electrode surface areas 1000m2 to 2000m2 per gram provide high capacitance Electrolytes are sulfuric acid or potassium hydroxide
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http://aries.www.media.mit.edu/people/aries/portable-power/
This reversibility allows excess electrical energy to be used to pump water to a higher storage reservoir to be used as an energy source later Since 2.31 ft of elevation has a bottom pressure of one pound per square inch (psi), a head height of 200 ft is equivalent to 86 psi Japan built a 30MW seawater pumped hydro system at Yanbaru in 1999 Worldwide, pumped hydro is about 90GW, ~3% of total storage, the most widespread high-energy storage technique
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http://www.usbr.gov/power/data/sites/sanluis/sanluis.htm
Note the disparity between motor and generator!?! Perhaps stream flow into storage?
Pumped hydro systems are installed world wide, but there are limited locations where new dams may be installed Opposition to dams is increasing, thus political rather than technical factors are restricting the new installations
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http://www.caes.net/mcintosh.html
http://unisci.com/stories/20013/0802016.htm
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http://www.sandia.gov/media/NewsRel/NR2001/norton.htm
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http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:wNbQtldsA8JF3M:http://cache.viewimages.com
The system makes liquid air at nights and weekends for vaporization and electricity generation The turbine is based upon a rocket motor pump This load-shifting provides the economic incentive to use the system Could also be done with liquid nitrogen storage
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_economy
18.7 Superconductors
Since a superconductor has essentially zero resistance, a current once started will flow forever
At a later time, energy could be extracted from the superconductor Since the superconductors must be kept far below usual air temperature (~20K to 80K), energy must be used to compress the gas and make it liquefy Newer superconductors are being investigated to find ones with a higher critical temperature near room temperature
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http://www.accel.de/pages/2_mj_superconducting_magnetic_energy_storage_smes.html
A current is induced in the superconductor toroid by inserting a magnet briefly Once replaced in the liquid nitrogen, the current circulation can be detected by a compass Current decay is on the order of 50% in 1020 years
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During the day, the ice is melted as the refrigerant is condensed as it passes through pipes in the ice The overall process thus provides air conditioning at a lower cost Bayside High School in Palm Bay FL uses this method
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Conventional storage systems such as batteries and pumped hydro continue to dominate due to cost Short-term storage or energy-smoothing devices like flywheels and ultracapacitors work well in the 10-second time range Unneeded generators are often kept in spinning reserve, motoring without load to act as generators if additional power is required (air and bearing losses) This also stores reactive power (v.a.r.s or vars) Energy storage will smooth peaks and valleys of availability, but load shifting by the users is more useful
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Energy must be stored in vehicles since they cannot obtain sufficient power from wind or sun on the vehicle Special student SunRayce PV cars are fragile and light, and cannot be used in normal highway traffic without a significant death rate Protected by team cars travelling with them Newer technologies may increase energy storage density at a lower cost; both are needed for a viable product
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Questions?
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References: Books
Boyle, Godfrey. Renewable Energy, Second Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-19-26178-4. (my preferred text) Brower, Michael. Cool Energy. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1992. 0-262-02349-0, TJ807.9.U6B76, 333.7940973. Duffie, John and William A. Beckman. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 920 pp., 1991 Gipe, Paul. Wind Energy for Home & Business. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Pub. Co., 1993. 0-930031-64-4, TJ820.G57, 621.45 Patel, Mukund R. Wind and Solar Power Systems. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1999, 351 pp. ISBN 0-8493-1605-7, TK1541.P38 1999, 621.312136 Srensen, Bent. Renewable Energy, Second Edition. San Diego: Academic Press, 2000, 911 pp. ISBN 0-12-656152-4. Texter, [MIT]
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______________________________________________________________________________ www.dieoff.org. Site devoted to the decline of energy and effects upon population www.ferc.gov/ Federal Energy Regulatory Commission www.google.com/search?q=%22renewable+energy+course%22 solstice.crest.org/ dataweb.usbr.gov/html/powerplant_selection.html
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