Addressing the Network

IPv4
CCNA Exploration Semester 1
Chapter 6

IP addressing works at
OSI model layer 3
TCP/IP model Internet layer
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical
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Data
stream

HTTP, FTP,
TFTP, SMTP
etc

Segment

TCP, UDP

Packet

IP

Frame

Ethernet,
WAN
technologies

Bits

Application
Transport
Internet
Network Access
2

Addressing topics
Binary and decimal

Types of IP addresses
Assigning addresses
Network part and subnet masks
Calculating addresses
Ping and Traceroute Utilities

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Binary and decimal

Convert to 8-bit binary

248
187
89
Convert to decimal
00110100
01010101
11001111
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248 to binary
128

64

32

16

120
-64
56

56
-32
24

24
-16
8

248
-128
120

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187 to binary
128

64

32

16

59
-32
27

27
-16
11

187
-128
59

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11
-8
3

3
-2
1

89 to binary
128

64

32

16

89
-64
25

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25
-16
9

9
-8
1

00110100 to decimal
128

64

32

16

32

16

32
+16
+ 4
52

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01010101 to decimal
128

64

32

16

64
64
+16
+ 4
+ 1
85
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16

85

11001111 to decimal
128

64

32

16

128

64

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128
+ 64
+ 8
+ 4
+ 2
+ 1
207

207

10

Binary and decimal

Convert to 8-bit binary

248

11111000

187

10111011

89

01011001

Convert to decimal
00110100

52

01010101

85

11001111

207

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IPv4 address
192.

168.

21.

17

11000000

10101000

00010101

00010001

octet

octet

octet

network part

octet

host part

Prefix /24 Subnet mask:

255.

255.

255.

11111111

11111111

11111111

00000000

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Find the network address

192.

168.

21.

17

11000000

10101000

00010101

00010001

In a network address, all the host bits are 0.

192.

168.

21.

11000000

10101000

00010101

00000000

The router needs to do this for every packet.

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Logical AND
192.

168.

21.

17

11000000

10101000

00010101

00010001

255.

255.

255.

11111111

11111111

11111111

00000000

192.

168.

21.

11000000

10101000

00010101

00000000

Do a logical AND at each position

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Find the broadcast address

192.

168.

21.

17

11000000

10101000

00010101

00010001

In a broadcast address, all the host bits are 1.

192.

168.

21.

255

11000000

10101000

00010101

11111111

The broadcast is the last address in the network.

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3 types of address
Every network has:

Network address the first one

Broadcast address the last one
Host addresses everything in between

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Classful addressing
A

10.

17.

network part

172.

53.
host part

16.

38.

network part

192.

201
host part

168.
network part

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21.

17
host part
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Classful addressing
Easy to work out but very wasteful.

Routers and hosts still assume class subnet masks by

default

Class A

/8

255.0.0.0

Class B

/16

255.255.0.0

Class C

/24

255.255.255.0

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Classless addressing
Any suitable prefix can be used

We (and devices) need to know what the prefix is.

More flexible, less wasteful.

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Classless addressing /16

172.16.0.0/16 mask 255.255.0.0

Broadcast address 172.16.255.255

172.

16.

0.

10101100

00010000

00000000

00000000

Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.255.254

65534 host addresses
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Classless addressing /24

172.16.0.0/24 mask 255.255.255.0

Broadcast address 172.16.0.255

172.

16.

0.

10101100

00010000

00000000

00000000

Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.254

254 host addresses
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Classless addressing /22

172.16.0.0/22 mask 255.255.252.0

Broadcast address 172.16.3.255

172.

16.

0.

10101100

00010000

00000000

00000000

Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.3.254

1022 host addresses
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Classless addressing /26

172.16.0.0/22 mask 255.255.255.192
Broadcast address 172.16.0.63
172.

16.

0.

10101100

00010000

00000000

00000000

Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.62

62 host addresses
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Classless addressing /28

172.16.0.0/28 mask 255.255.255.240
Broadcast address 172.16.0.15
172.

16.

0.

10101100

00010000

00000000

00000000

Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.14

14 host addresses
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Calculating addresses
A host has IP address 192.168.1.70/24

What is the subnet mask?

What is the network address?
What is the broadcast address?
What is the range of host addresses in the network?

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192.168.1.70/24 fill in the

table
Last octet
binary

Last octet
decimal

Full

Host
Subnet mask
Network
Broadcast
First host
Last host
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192.168.1.70/24
Host

Last octet
binary
01000110

Subnet mask

00000000

255.255.255.0

Network

00000000

192.168.1.0

Broadcast

11111111

255

First host

00000001

Last host

11111110

254

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Last octet
Full
decimal
70
192.168.1.70

192.168.1.255
192.168.1.1
192.168.1.254
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Calculating addresses
A host has IP address 192.168.1.70/26

What is the subnet mask?

What is the network address?
What is the broadcast address?
What is the range of host addresses in the network?

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192.168.1.70/26 fill in the

table
Last octet
binary

Last octet
decimal

Full

Host
Subnet mask
Network
Broadcast
First host
Last host
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192.168.1.70/26
Host

Last octet
binary
01000110

Subnet mask

11000000

192

255.255.255.192

Network

01000000

64

192.168.1.64

Broadcast

01111111

127

192.168.1.127

First host

01000001

65

192.168.1.65

Last host

01111110

126

192.168.1.126

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Last octet
Full
decimal
70
192.168.1.70

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Calculating addresses
A host has IP address 192.168.1.70/28

What is the subnet mask?

What is the network address?
What is the broadcast address?
What is the range of host addresses in the network?

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192.168.1.70/28 fill in the

table
Last octet
binary

Last octet
decimal

Full

Host
Subnet mask
Network
Broadcast
First host
Last host
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192.168.1.70/28
Host

Last octet
binary
01000110

Subnet mask

11110000

240

255.255.255.240

Network

01000000

64

192.168.1.64

Broadcast

01001111

79

192.168.1.79

First host

01000001

65

192.168.1.65

Last host

01001110

78

192.168.1.78

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Last octet
Full
decimal
70
192.168.1.70

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Unicast, Multicast, Broadcast

Unicast a message addressed to one host

Broadcast a message addressed to all hosts on a

network. Uses networks broadcast address or
255.255.255.255 locally

Multicast a message addressed to a group of hosts.

Uses an address starting 224 - 239

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Private IP addresses
Unrestricted use on private networks. Not routed
across the Internet.

10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8)

172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/20)
192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/24)

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Public IP addresses
Routed over the Internet

Master holder is IANA

Assigned to regional registries and then to ISPs
ISPs allocate them to organizations and individual
users

Use is strictly controlled as duplicate addresses are not

allowed

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Special addresses
0.0.0.0 all addresses in default route. Hosts cannot be
given addresses starting 0.

127.0.0.1 is loopback. Hosts cannot be given

addresses starting 127.

240.0.0.0 and higher reserved for experimental

purposes.

169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.255 local only

192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255 for teaching

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Network address translation

A large number of hosts on a network use private
addresses to communicate with each other.

The ISP allocates one or a few public addresses.

NAT allows the hosts to share the public addresses
when they want to use the Internet

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Addressing hosts
Static addressing address is configured by an
administrator

Servers, printers, routers, switches need static

addresses

Dynamic addressing address is allocated

automatically by DHCP by leasing addresses from a
pool

Dynamic addressing is best for workstations

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Blocks of addresses
Use

Address range

Network address 192.168.1.0

Summary
192.168.1.0/25

User hosts

192.168.1.1-127

Servers

192.168.1.128 - 191 192.168.1.128/26

Peripherals

192.168.1.192 - 223 192.168.1.192/27

Network devices 192.168.1.224 - 253 192.168.1.224/27

Router

192.168.1.254

Broadcast

192.168.1.255

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Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24
Last octet binary

Address

192.168.1.0

00000000

Subnet mask

255.255.255.0

00000000

Borrow 1 bit from host part, give it to network part, /25

Addresses
Subnet mask

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192.168.1.0
192.168.1.128
255.255.255.128

00000000
10000000
10000000

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Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24
Borrow 2 bits from host part, give to network part, /26

Addresses

Subnet mask

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192.168.1.0
192.168.1.64
192.168.1.128
192.168.1.192
255.255.255.192

00000000
01000000
10000000
11000000
11000000

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Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24
Borrow 3 bits from host part, give to network part, /27

Addresses

Subnet mask
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192.168.1.0
192.168.1.32
192.168.1.64
192.168.1.96
192.168.1.128
192.168.1.160
192.168.1.192
192.168.1.224
255.255.255.224

00000000
00100000
01000000
01100000
10000000
10100000
11000000
11100000
11100000
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Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24
Borrow 4 bits from host part, give to network part, /28
192.168.1.0
192.168.1.128
00000000
10000000
192.168.1.16 192.168.1.144
00010000
10010000
192.168.1.32 192.168.1.160
00100000
10100000
192.168.1.48 192.168.1.176
00110000
10110000
192.168.1.64 192.168.1.192
01000000
11000000
192.168.1.80 192.168.1.208
01010000
11010000
192.168.1.96 192.168.1.224
01100000
11100000
192.168.1.112 192.168.1.240
01110000
11110000
Subnet mask 255.255.255.240

11110000
And so on

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Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24
Every time you borrow another bit you:

Double the number of subnets

Halve the size of the subnets
Each subnet has a network address, a broadcast
address, and everything in between is a host address.

Here are some ways of visualising the process.

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Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24
Bits borrowed

No of networks 2

16

32

64

Prefix

/25

/26

/27

/28

/29

/30

Bit value/
network size
No of hosts

128

64

32

16

126

62

30

14

Subnet mask

128

192

224

240

248

252

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Address space
Make a spreadsheet or table with numbers 0 to 255

Link to show table

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Subnet chart

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Subnetting
There are many subnet calculators, but you will not be
able to use them in exams.

Start with the biggest subnet and work down to the

smallest.

Make sure the subnets are valid sizes with valid subnet
masks.

Make sure that there are no overlaps.

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Ping and traceroute

Ping sends an ICMP message. If all is well, the
destination replies. If not, a router may reply to say the
destination is unreachable, or the ping may time out.

Traceroute sends a series of messages so that each

router along the path replies. You get a list of
addresses of all the routers.

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IPv6
Development started in 1990s because of concerns
about IPv4 addresses running out

A whole new protocol suite not just layer 3

Uses 128-bit hierarchical addressing, written using
hexadecimal

Simpler header
Integrated security authentication, privacy
Quality of service mechanisms
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The End

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