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\
|
|
|
.
:= QA 55 10
3
:=
Q
2
3
6
|
\
|
|
|
.
:=
c
0
8.85410
12
:= R P Q := r
P Q
P Q
:=
D
QA
4 t R
( )
2
r := D
6.38 10
6
9.57 10
6
1.914 10
5
\
|
|
|
|
|
.
=
(b) a uniform line charge p
LB
= 20 mC/m on the x axis
(c) a uniform surface charge density p
SC
= 120 uC/m
2
on
the plane z = -5 m.
Gausss Law
The electric flux passing through any
closed surface is equal to the total charge
enclosed by that surface.
The integration is performed over a closed
surface, i.e. gaussian surface.
We can check Gausss law with a point
charge example.
Symmetrical Charge Distributions
Gausss law is useful under two
conditions.
1. D
S
is everywhere either normal or
tangential to the closed surface, so that
D
S
.
dS becomes either D
S
dS or zero,
respectively.
2. On that portion of the closed surface for
which D
S
.
dS is not zero, D
S
= constant.
Gausss law simplifies the task of finding D near an
infinite line charge.
Infinite coaxial cable:
Differential Volume Element
If we take a small enough closed surface,
then D is almost constant over the surface.
D x y , z , ( )
8 x y z
4
4 x
2
z
4
16 x
2
y z
3
\
|
|
|
|
|
.
:=
1
3
y
0
2
x D x y , 2 , ( )
2
10
12
(
(
(
]
d
(
(
(
]
d 1.365 10
9
=
D3.6a
D x y , z , ( )
8 x y z
4
4 x
2
z
4
16 x
2
y z
3
\
|
|
|
|
|
.
10
12
:=
c
0
8.85410
12
:=
E
D 2 1 , 3 , ( )
c
0
:=
P
2
1
3
|
\
|
|
|
.
:= E
146.375
146.375
195.166
|
\
|
|
|
.
=
D3.6b
Divergence
Divergence is the outflow of flux from a small
closed surface area (per unit volume) as
volume shrinks to zero.
-Water leaving a bathtub
-Closed surface (water itself) is essentially incompressible
-Net outflow is zero
-Air leaving a punctured tire
-Divergence is positive, as closed surface (tire) exhibits net
outflow
Mathematical definition of divergence
div D
( )
oD
x
ox
oD
y
oy
+
oD
z
oz
+
|
\
|
|
.
- Cartesian
div D
( )
0 Av
S
D
Av
(
(
(
]
d lim
o
o
D
( )
1
oD
|
o|
+
oD
z
oz
+
div D
( )
1
r
2
o D
r
r
2
|
\
|
.
or
1
r sin u
( )
o D
u
sin u
( )
( )
ou
+
1
r sin u
( )
oD
|
o|
+
Divergence in Other Coordinate Systems
A
e
x
sin y ( )
e
x
cos y ( )
2 z
|
\
|
|
|
|
.
div A
( )
o
ox
e
x
sin y ( )
( )
o
oy
e
x
cos y ( )
( )
+
o
oz
2 z ( ) +
div A
( )
e
x
sin y ( ) e
x
sin y ( ) + 2 +
Divergence at origin for given vector flux density A
3-6: Maxwells First Equation
S
.
S A
(
(
]
d Q
S
.
S A
(
(
]
d
Av
Q
Av
Gauss Law
per unit volume
Volume shrinks to zero
0 Av
S
.
S A
(
(
]
d
Av
lim
0 Av
Q
Av
lim
Electric flux per unit volume is equal to the volume charge density
Maxwells First Equation
div D
( )
v
0 Av
S
.
S A
(
(
]
d
Av
lim
0 Av
Q
Av
lim
(
(
]
d
(
(
]
d :=
u
x2
z
1
z
2
z
y
1
y
2
y 2 x
2
2
y
(
(
]
d
(
(
]
d := u
y2
z
1
z
2
z
x
1
x
2
x 3 x
2
y
2
2
(
(
]
d
(
(
]
d :=
u
t ot al
u
x1
u
x2
+ u
y1
+ u
y2
+ :=
u
t ot al
0.103 =
Evaluation of V at center of cube V D
div D
( )
x
2 x
2
y
( )
d
d y
3 x
2
y
2
( )
d
d
+
div D
( )
4 x y 6 x
2
y +
divD 4 1.1 ( ) 1.1 ( ) 6 1.1 ( )
2
1.1 ( ) + :=
divD 12.826 =
Non-Cartesian Example
Equipotential Surfaces Free Software
Semiconductor Application - Device Charge Field Potential
Vector Fields
Potential Field
Applications of Gausss Law