3b.

LEVELLING

Errors, Corrections & Contour

OUTLINE (Previous chapter:3a)

Levelling When do we level? Definitions/Terminology Levelling Instrumentation Method of Levelling Rules for Levelling Levelling Procedures (Two peg test, reducing levels using rise and fall method)

OUTLINE (Now...)

Misclosure for Reduce Levels (Rise & Fall) Correction or Adjusting the Misclosure Errors in Levelling

Levelling procedures & errors

(Determining for collimation errors)

Two-peg test

Error on reducing levels (Rise and Fall)

Back Inter Fore Rise Fall RL Comment

1.32 2.56 1.25 3.65

3.98 1.31

2.66 2.40

50.00 47.34 48.65 46.25

BM A CP 1 Kerb Post

3.49
2.58 2.64 10.01
5

0.67
1.54 3.79 9.98

2.98 0.91 1.04

6.24

(0.03)

CP 2 Kerb CP 3 1.15 BM A 6.21 (0.03) (0.03)

49.23 50.14 51.18 50.03

An acceptable misclose (error)?

Misclose=the amount by which the measured height difference (Hmeas) differs from the known height difference derived from the RLs of the starting and finishing benchmarks (Hknown)

Small misclosures in closed level loops are expected because of the accumulation of errors If the misclosure is small, it can be adjusted If the misclosure is large, the loop (or part of it) must be repeated
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Adjusting the misclose

Adjustment is carried out to ensure that the measured and known RLs of the closing benchmark agree The misclosure is linearly distributed according to the number of set-ups

The adjustment per set-up for the previous example is (0.03/4)...

Adjusting the Errors

0.03/4
8

Adjusting the misclose

Measured RL Point Adjustment Adjusted RL

50.00
47.34 48.65 46.25

BM A
CP 1 Kerb Post

49.23
50.14 51.18
9

CP 2
Kerb CP 3 BM A

50.03

Adjusting the misclose

Measured RL Point Adjustment Adjusted RL

50.00
47.34 48.65 46.25

BM A
CP 1 Kerb Post

0.000
0.008
(0.0075)

50.000
47.332 =1*(0.03/4)

49.23
50.14 51.18
10

CP 2
Kerb CP 3 BM A

50.03

Adjusting the misclose

Measured RL Point Adjustment Adjusted RL

50.00
47.34 48.65 46.25

BM A
CP 1 Kerb Post

0.000
0.008 0.015 0.015

50.000
47.332 48.635 46.235

49.23
50.14 51.18
11

CP 2
Kerb CP 3 BM A

0.015

49.215
=2*(0.03/4)

50.03

Adjusting the misclose

Measured RL Point Adjustment Adjusted RL

50.00
47.34 48.65 46.25

BM A
CP 1 Kerb Post

0.000
0.008 0.015 0.015

50.000
47.332 48.635 46.235

49.23
50.14 51.18
12

CP 2
Kerb CP 3 BM A

0.015
0.023 0.023

49.215
50.117 51.157 =3*(0.03/4)

50.03

Adjusting the misclose

Measured RL Point Adjustment Adjusted RL

50.00
47.34 48.65 46.25

BM A
CP 1 Kerb Post

0.000
0.008 0.015 0.015

50.000
47.332 48.635 46.235

49.23
50.14 51.18
13

CP 2
Kerb CP 3 BM A

0.015
0.023 0.023 0.030

49.215
=4*(0.03/4) 50.000

50.03

Adjusting the misclose

Measured RL Point Adjustment Adjusted RL

50.00
47.34 48.65 46.25

BM A
CP 1 Kerb Post

0.000
0.008 0.015 0.015

50.000
47.332 48.635 46.235

49.23
50.14 51.18
14

CP 2
Kerb CP 3 BM A

0.015
0.023 0.023 0.030

49.215
50.117 51.157 50.000

50.03

Errors in levelling

Equipment Error Field Error Reading and Booking

15

Errors in the Equipment

(Determining for collimation errors)

Two-peg test

Collimation Error - Line of sight not horizontal

Correct reading

Actual/observed reading

16

Errors in the Equipment

Collimation Error - Line of sight not horizontal

Correct reading

Size of error depends on sight length

Actual/observed reading

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Errors in the Equipment

Collimation Error - Line of sight not horizontal
Keep sight lengths from each instrument position the same Check collimation error using Two-Peg Test

Check prism is not stuck (every reading)

Parallax
Focus eyepiece on cross-hairs, then focus telescope on staff

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Errors in the Equipment

Staff Errors
Zero error - base may be worn - doesnt matter as long as same staff is always used May not be extended properly

Tripod Errors
Must be stable

19

Field Errors

Staff not vertical

Use pond bubble on staff Rock staff and take minimum reading

Unstable equipment
Watch out for soft ground under tripod or staff Dont touch (or kick!) tripod

20

Reading and Booking Errors

Keep sightings short to estimate mm on staff accurately Double check all readings Write clearly Carry out calculation checks

Weather
Wind causes level to vibrate, heat causes shimmer

21

Applications of levelling

Point heights (relative to a datum) Height differences (independent of datum) Longitudinal sections and cross sections Data for volume calculations Contouring Setting out

22

Establishing a new point

New point

Benchmark RLBM
23

RLNEW

Datum

Measuring height differences

H3 H2 Benchmark RLBM
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H1

Datum

Profiles and cross-sections

Benchmark RLBM
25

Datum

Contour Map

40m 50m 60m 26

What is Contour?

Imaginary line on the ground joining point of equal altitude or elevation.

Contour line shown on maps or plans as a line.

Contour line mostly used for indicate the elevation directly.

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What is Contour?
5

Contour Interval: 5 m
10 15 20 25

25 20 15 10 5
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USES OF CONTOUR MAP

Alignment of a highway or railway line. For selecting the most suitable site various engineering projects. Determination of the capacity of the reservoir area. Quantities of earth work can be computed by selecting suitable sections. Location of various strategic points which are very important in military operations.

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METHODS OF LOCATING CONTOURS

DIRECT METHOD INDIRECT METHOD

Squares or Gridding Method Radial Method

30

INTERPOLATION OF CONTOURS

Arithmetical Calculation By Graphical Method

31

Plotting contours (Arithmetical Calculation)

B
C

2.510

2.905

The RLs for points A, B and C have been determined by levelling. We are now required to determine the location of the contours using a 0.5 m contour interval.

1.100
32

Plotting contours
B
LINE AB HAB = 2.51 - 1.10 = 1.410 DAB = 10 m

2.510

For the 1.5 m contour:

D = 10*(1.5 1.1)/1.41 = 2.84

For the 2.0 m contour :

D = 10*(2.0 - 1.1)/1.41 = 6.38

B 1.41

For the 2.5 m contour :

D = 10*(2.5 - 1.1)/1.41 = 9.93

A 1.100
33

0.4 2.84

0.9
6.38 9.93

1.4

10 m

Plotting contours
2.510 B

2.905

LINE BC DHBC = 2.905 - 2.510 = 0.395 DBC = 10 m no contours cross this line

1.100
34

Plotting contours
2.510 B 2.905

1.100
35

THANK YOU

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