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Introduction to the
PIC Microcontroller
EC501: EMBEDDED SYSTEM APPLICATION
2
Outline
What is Microcontroller?
C vs General-Purpose P
A Brief History of PIC C
PIC18F4550 Features
PIC Clock Generator
Reset
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What is Microcontroller?
Integrated chip that contains CPU, RAM, some
form of ROM, I/O ports, and timers
Designed for a
very specific task
to control a
particular system
reduce production
cost
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C vs General-Purpose P
Microcontroller Microprocessor
Devices Microchips PICs
series, Atmels AVR
series
Intels x86 family (8086,
80286, 80386, 80486 &
the Pentium) or
(Motorolas PowerPC
family)
Components Internal CPU, RAM,
ROM, I/O ports and
timers
External RAM, ROM, and
I/O ports
Application Perform specific
function: A small set
of signal processing
functions for digital
signal processor
Perform more tasks that
related to general
requirements:
calculations of software,
personal computer
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C vs General-Purpose P
Cont
CPU / P


Register

Control Unit

ALU

DATA BUS
CPU / P

Register

Control Unit

ALU

ADDRESS BUS
CONTROL BUS
C

RAM

ROM

I/O

Timer

Serial
COM
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C vs General-Purpose P
Cont
M
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c
r
o
p
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c
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s
s
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EEPROM
RAM
Input
and
output
ports
Serial I/O
Parallel I/O
Timer
PWM
Input
and
output
ports
A/D
D/A
Analog
I/O
ROM
M
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c
r
o
p
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c
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EEPROM
RAM
Input
and
output
ports
Serial I/O
Parallel I/O
Timer
PWM
Input
and
output
ports
A/D A/D
D/A D/A
Analog
I/O
ROM
Microprocessor-based System Microcontroller-based System
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A Brief History of PIC C
In 1989, Microchip Technology Corporation
introduced an 8-bit C called PIC (Peripheral
Interface Controller).
This 8 pins chip contains a small amounts of
data RAM, a few hundred bytes of on-chip ROM
for program, one timer, and a few pins for I/O
ports.
The family of 8-bit C: 10xxx, 12xxx, 14xxx,
16xxx, 17xxx, and 18xxx
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A Brief History of PIC C
Cont
http://www.microchip.com
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A Brief History of PIC C
They are all 8-bit processors that the CPU can
work on only 8 bits of data a time.
Problem: not all 100% upwardly compatible in
terms of software when going from one family to
another family.
Ex.: 12xxx - 12-bit wide instructions
16xxx- 14-bit wide instructions
PIC18xxx - 16-bit wide with many
new instructions
Cont
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A Brief History of PIC C
Advantages of PIC:
30 to 100 times faster than other Cs (program
memory is integrated to the chip)
Smaller size (on-board memory)
Easy to program, reusable and inexpensive
Cont
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A Brief History of PIC C
Architecture:
Cont
CPU
Program &
Data Memory
Von Neumann architecture
CPU
Program
Memory
Data
Memory
Harvard architecture
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Review
1. A C normally has which of the following
devices on-chip?
(a) RAM (b) ROM (c) I/O (d) all of the above

2. A general-purpose microprocessor normally
needs which of the following devices to be
attached to it?
(a) RAM (b) ROM (c) I/O (d) all of the above

3. The PIC16 has a(n) ___-bit P.
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PIC18F4550 Features
40 pins, DIP40 type (Dual in Package) or SMD
type
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PIC18F4550 Features
Cont
Block
diagram of
PIC18f4550
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PIC18F4550 Features
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PIC Clock Generator
4To provide a clock for executing a program or
program instructions of C.
4Types of PIC clock generator:
A crystal & two capacitors
Resonators or external resistor-capacitor pair
Built-in resistor-capacitor
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PIC Clock Generator
Cont
PIC18F4550 can operate in four different
oscillation modes:
- LP low power crystal
- XT crystal/resonator
- HS high speed crystal/resonator
- RC resistor/capacitor
Two configuration bits, FOSC1 & FOSC0 are
used to select one of these four modes
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PIC Clock Generator
Cont
Crystal Oscillator/Ceramic Resonators
For XT, LP or HS OSC configurations
Crystal or ceramic resonator is connected to the
OSC1/CLKIN & OSC2/CLKOUT pins
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PIC Clock Generator
Cont
A parallel cut crystal is used to design
PIC18F4550
The use of a series cut crystal may give a freq.
out of the crystal manufacturers specifications
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PIC Clock Generator
Cont
Capacitor selection for ceramic resonators
Capacitor selection for crystal resonators
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PIC Clock Generator
Cont
RC Oscillator










Reduce cost for timing insensitive applications
Variation of the oscillator frequency:
- operating temperature
- process parameter variation
- difference in lead frame capacitance between package types (low
CEXT values)
- tolerance of the external R & C components
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Reset
Power-on Reset (POR)
MCLR during normal operation
MCLR during SLEEP
WDT Reset (during normal
operation)
WDT Wake-up (during SLEEP)
Register Reset value (hex)
PC 000000
WREG 00
SP 00
TRISA-
TRISB
FF
Value registers upon reset
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Review
1. Which pin is used to reset the PIC18F4550
chip?
2. Upon power-up, the program counter (PC) has a
value of ____.
3. MCLR is an active-_____ (LOW, HIGH) pin.
4. How many Vdd and Gnd pins are in the
PIC18F4550 chip?
5. In the PIC18, the program counter is ____ bits
wide.