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  • Electronic Devices: Course No.: EEE F214 / ECE F214 / EEE C381: Prabhakara Rao

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    Electronic Devices: Course No.: EEE F214 / ECE F214 / EEE C381: Prabhakara Rao

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    crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal propercrystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal properties crystal prope

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    Electronic Devices

    Course No. : EEE F214 / ECE F214 / EEE C381 Course Instructor : Prabhakara Rao
    Email : budhiraju@bits-hyderabad.ac.in Room No. : D305

    Department of EEE BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus


    October 18, 2013 ELECTRONIC DEVICES
    1

    Problem
    For a hypothetical semiconductor, we have n = p = 1000 cm2 / V.s and Nc = Nv = 1019 / cm3. If the conductivity of the intrinsic semiconductor at 300 K is 4 X 10-6 (-cm)-1. What is the conductivity at 600 K.

    October 18, 2013

    ELECTRONIC DEVICES

    Ans - Problem 9

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    Crystal Lattices

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    October 18, 2013

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    Body Centered Cubic


    Atoms are arranged at the corners of the cube with another atom at the cube center.

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    10

    Body Centered Cubic


    Since atoms are assumed to touch along the cube diagonal in BCC, the lattice parameter is related to atomic radius through:

    4R a 3
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    11

    Body Centered Cubic


    Coordination number for BCC is 8. Each center atom is surrounded by the eight corner atoms. The lower coordination number also results in a slightly lower APF for BCC structures. BCC has an APF of 0.68, rather than 0.74 in FCC

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    12

    Atomic Packing Factor: the ratio of atomic sphere volume to unit cell volume, assuming a hard sphere model.

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    13

    Face Centered Cubic (FCC)


    Atoms are arranged at the corners and center of each cube face of the cell.
    Atoms are assumed to touch along face diagonals

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    14

    Face Centered Cubic (FCC)


    The lattice parameter, a, is related to the radius of the atom in the cell through:

    a 2R 2
    Coordination number: the number of nearest neighbors to any atom. For FCC systems, the coordination number is 12.
    October 18, 2013 ELECTRONIC DEVICES
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    Crystallographic Directions
    Cubic systems
    directions are named based upon the projection of a vector from the origin of the crystal to another point in the cell.

    Conventionally, a right hand Cartesian coordinate system is used.


    The chosen origin is arbitrary, but is always selected for the easiest solution to the problem.

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    16

    Crystallographic Directions
    Points within the lattice are written in the form h,k,l, where the three indices correspond to the fraction of the lattice parameters in the x,y,z direction.

    October 18, 2013

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    17

    Miller Indices
    Procedure for writing directions in Miller Indices
    Determine the coordinates of the two points in the direction. (Simplified if one of the points is the origin). Subtract the coordinates of the second point from those of the first. Clear fractions to give lowest integer values for all coordinates
    October 18, 2013 ELECTRONIC DEVICES
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    Miller Indices
    Indices are written in square brackets without commas (ex: [hkl]) Negative values are written with a bar over the integer. Ex: if h<0 then the direction is [hkl]

    October 18, 2013

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    19

    Specify the directions using Miller indices

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    Ans

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    21

    Miller Indices
    Crystallographic Planes
    Identify the coordinate intercepts of the plane
    the coordinates at which the plane intercepts the x, y and z axes. If a plane is parallel to an axis, its intercept is taken as . If a plane passes through the origin, choose an equivalent plane, or move the origin

    Take the reciprocal of the intercepts


    October 18, 2013 ELECTRONIC DEVICES
    22

    Miller Indices
    Clear fractions due to the reciprocal, but do not reduce to lowest integer values. Planes are written in parentheses, with bars over the negative indices.
    Ex: (hkl) or if h<0 then it becomes

    ex: plane A is parallel to x, and intercepts y and z at 1, and therefore is the (011). Plane B passes through the origin, so the origin is moved to O, thereby making the plane the (112 )
    October 18, 2013 ELECTRONIC DEVICES
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    Example

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    24

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    25

    Specify the planes indicated by the arrows

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    26

    Ans

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    27

    Crystallographic Notation
    Miller Indices:

    Notation (hkl) {hkl} [hkl]

    Interpretation

    <hkl>

    crystal plane equivalent planes crystal direction equivalent directions

    h: inverse x-intercept of plane k: inverse y-intercept of plane l: inverse z-intercept of plane


    (Intercept values are in multiples of the lattice constant; h, k and l are reduced to 3 integers having the same ratio.)

    October 18, 2013

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    28

    The Si Crystal
    Each Si atom has 4 nearest neighbors
    lattice constant = 5.431

    diamond cubic lattice

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    29

    How Many Silicon Atoms per cm-3?


    Number of atoms in a unit cell: 4 atoms completely inside cell Each of the 8 atoms on corners are shared among cells count as 1 atom inside cell Each of the 6 atoms on the faces are shared among 2 cells count as 3 atoms inside cell Total number inside the cell = 4 + 1 + 3 = 8

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    Cell volume: (.543 nm)3 = 1.6 x 10-22 cm3


    Density of silicon atoms = (8 atoms) / (cell volume) = 5 x 1022 atoms/cm3

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    31

    Crystallographic Planes and Si Wafers

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    Atomic Density calculations in (100), (110), (111) planes

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    (100) (110) (111)

    2/a2
    22/a2 4/(3a2)

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    Silicon wafers are usually cut along a {111} plane with a flat or notch to orient the wafer during IC fabrication:

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    Modern CZ Crystal Growth

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    Si Crystal Growth

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    300-mm (12 in.) and 400 mm (16 in.) Czochralski-grown silicon ingots

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    39

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