Sei sulla pagina 1di 145

By Omprakash kumar singh Jr. M.

Sc (GPB)

Potato introduction
Herbaceous perennial crop cultivated as annual Underground stem (Tuber) Economical part. Origin Peru (South America) >150 wild species of Potato are found. Chromosome number varies from 24-60 Ploidy level of cultivated species ranges from Diploid to Pentaploid

Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Order: Solanales Family: Solanaceae Genus: Solanum Species: S. tuberosum Binomial name: Solanum tuberosum L.

Different cultivated species


Species Chromosome number Ploidy level

S. ajanhuiri S. goniocalyx S. phureja S. stenopotum


S. chaucha S. juzepczukii

2n=2x=24

Diploid

2n=2x=36

Triploid Tetraploid

S. tuberosum 2n=2x=48 ssp. tuberosum ssp. andigena S. curtilobum 2n=5x=60

Pentaploid

Distribution
Altitude :- up to 15000 ft 38.8o N and 41.8o S. (wild potatoes ranged between 1 and 26 C, and annual precipitation ranged between 0 and 4359 mm.) There are two main peaks in global potato distribution by latitude.
45N and 57N - Temperate climates - summer crop. 23N and 34N - Subtropical lowlands - winter crop.

About 25% of the global potato area is in the highlands (above 1000 m).

Agro-climatic parameters Growing season

Sub-tropical countries Winter

Temperate countries Summer

Temperature during Planting High (planting: 25-30OC; and harvesting harvesting: 10-20OC) Crop duration Photoperiod during growth Mid day water stress 90-100 days 10.3 hours/day Prominent

Low (15-25OC at both)

150-180 days 14 hours/day Absent

Day/Night temperatures Frosting

25-30oC/4-15oC Common
Low yields, less dry matter and more reducing sugars

25oC/15oC Absent
High yield, high dry matter and low reducing sugars.

Result

In India, the cultivation is distributed over North Indian plains North Indian hills Sikkim and North Bengal hills South Indian Hills Plateau region

North India Hills: Subdivided into two zones.


North western and Central Himalayas: Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and Uttar Pradesh. North Eastern Hills: Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram.

North Indian Plains: >80% of potato is cultivated in this zone. Three sub-zones.
North Western Plains: Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and parts of neighboring states. North central Plains: Western Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. North Eastern Plains: Plains of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam and Orissa.

Sikkim and North Bengal Hills:


The area comprises of Sikkim and Darjeeling Hills of West Bengal.

Plateau region:
Central and peninsular India. Parts of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and Orissa.

South Indian Hills:


Southern hill zone in Tamil Nadu.

Contribution of Potato in Indian Economy

Indian land Indian GDP T Ha 328.71.842 Million

Agricultural land 60.4 %

Agriculture 13.7 %

Potato Potato 2.42 % 1.25 %

Area, production and productivity


Content Area(000 ha) India 1906.97(11-12) 1930.91(12-13) Karnataka 45.40 (11-12) 47.50 (12-13) Highest Uttar pradesh 579.02 (12-13)

Production (000tonnes)

41482.79(11-12) 42478.65(12-13)

483.00(11-12) 504.10(12-13)

Uttar pradesh 14125.08(11-12) 14695.72(12-13)

Productivity (tonnes/ha)-

21.75(11-12) 22.00(12-13)

10.64(11-12) 10.61(12-13)

Delhi 43.33(12-13)

Top Potato Producers in 2011


(million metric tons)

People's Republic of China India Russia Ukraine United States Germany Bangladesh Poland France Belarus
World Total
Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organisation

88.4 42.3 32.7 24.2 19.4 11.8 8.3 8.2 8.0 7.7
374.4

Nutritional value per 100 g

Energy Carbohydrates Starch Dietary fiber Fat Protein Water Thiamine (vit. B1)

321 kJ (77 kcal) 17.47 g 15.44 g 2.2 g 0.1 g 2g 75 g 0.08 mg

Riboflavin (vit. B2) Niacin (vit. B3) Pantothenic acid (B5) Vitamin B6 Folate (vit. B9) Vitamin C Vitamin E Vitamin K Calcium Iron

0.03 mg 1.05 mg 0.296 mg 0.295 mg 16 g 19.7 mg 0.01 mg 1.9 g 12 mg 0.78 mg

Magnesium
Manganese Phosphorus

23 mg
0.153 mg 57 mg

Potassium
Sodium Zinc

421 mg
6 mg 0.29 mg

Potato botany
Potato is essentially a plant of temperate region with long day condition. In India 90% of the crop is cultivated during winter in plains under short day condition Short winter days suppress the vegetative growth and flowering.

Stem
The stem may be light to dark green, erect and hard, firm and spreading or weak and flexible. Thick size stem yield large size tubers , thin stemmed plants yield small size tubers. Stolon arises laterally as auxiliary buds on the underground portion of the stem The underground modified stem i.e., tuber is an enlargement of the terminal end of the stolon.

Stolon
Stolon arises laterally as auxillary buds on the underground portion of the stem and grows along the horizontal plane in the ground but sometimes emerge out of the ground. Stolon may eventually form tuber by enlargement of their terminal ends Not all stolons form tubers, a stolon not covered by soil may develop into vertical stem with normal foliage.

Tuber
Tubers are modified stem and serves as main storage organ. It has two ends
Heel Apical or rose or Distal

Eyes are spirally arranged to the tuber surface and concentrated towards the Apical end and located in the axil of scale like leaves called eyebrows Depending on varieties, it may be elevated, superficial, deep.

Leaves
The leaf is compound and pinnate with several pairs of leaflets arising in succession, along the rachis and an odd, large terminal leaflets.

Inflorescence and Flowers


Cymose inflorescence Complete flowers or Bisexual Calyx
5 sepals partly jointed at base forming a bell-shaped structure Colour varies from green to pigmented

Corolla
5 Petals Colour white, light blue, Blue, Red or Purple

Ovary

* K (5), C (5) , A 5, G (2) Berry

Androecium
5 Epipetalous stamens Colour of anther varies from light yellow to deep orange

Gynoecium
Superior ovary Bilocular and axile placentation

Fruit and seed


Fruit Berry with more than 200 seeds Fruit colour is green Seeds are small 1000-1500 seeds/g.

Fruits and seed

Flowering
Thermo- photoperiod does not play a role in flower induction, yet the bud development and blooming are dependent on long day length (>14 hrs) under cooler climate. Andigena group bloom profusely even under equinox conditions, the tuberosum group needs long photoperiod (>14 hrs. effective daylight). 50 lux artificial light at the plant level is used for inducing flowering.

BREEDING OBJECTIVES
Global objective: Produce and market new varieties better suited than the old ones under the conditions in which they are used. More specific but still general: Better yield Better quality use Better resistance against diseases and pests Less sensitive to the environment Good nutritional characteristics

Breeding system
The majority of the diploids potato species are outbreeders due to gametophytic self incompatibility system (S. allele). They show marked inbreeding depression. Tetraploid species are highly self fertile and the disomic polyploids (4X and 6X) are primarily self pollinating so the polyploid are less variable and tolerate inbreeding. The tuberosum group (S. tuberosum ssp tuberosum), the potato of commerce show some outbreeding nature due to protogyny (stigma protrusion)

Nucleus seed
Micro propagation
Production of virus free potato plant (Mericlones) by meristem tip culture In vitro multiplication of mericlones. Production of micro tubers (100-150 mg)

Production of mini tubers


Mini tuber production from in vitro plants
Tissue culture method Aerophonics or Hydrophonics Mini tuber from micro tuber.

Tissue culture method


Treating Removal the of TC cuttings planttuber with and removal root culture hormones material and and Harvesting of mini fromgrowth theof nursery beds planting in nursery polyhouse. beds

Aerophonics and Hydrophonics

Aerophonics

Aerophonics for mini tuber production

Micro tuber to mini tuber


Hardening of micro tubers Planting in poly house nursery Harvesting of mini tubers

Integrating micro propagation in seed production.

By Naik and khurana 2003

Micropropagation based system for potato seed production

TPS technology

Production of hybrid TPS


The hybrid TPS can be produced both in the hills and plains. In hills the crop is grown in long summer days and flowers naturally and hybridization for seed production can be achieved easily. In plains the crop for seed production is grown in winters so additional artificial light has to be arranged to induce flowering in the crop.

Selection of parents
Parents are selected from the stocks of S.tuberosum ssp.tuberosum, S.tuberosum ssp andigena. Generally andigena lines are utilized as male parental lines, because tuberosum lines or cultivars produce low or no viable pollen. The selected parental materials are maintained and multiplied inside the aphid proof net house to avoid transmission of virus to the parental lines Seed tubers of the parental materials are kept in cold storage.

Characteristics of TPS parental lines


Male parents having indeterminate growth, copious production of fertile pollen, Stable resistance to late blight and higher combining ability for desired horticultural traits are selected. From group andigena Genotypes with tuberosum background, late blight resistance, determinate growth, low pollen fertility with high combining abilities for desired horticultural traits are used as female parents.

Maintenance of parental lines


Maintenance of TPS parental lines in disease free condition needs to have well developed infrastructure facilities for sustainable supply of pathogen free seed tubers every time needed for planting in crossing block.

Land preparation
20 t/Ha farm yard manure is added to soil and then ploughing, planking and pulverizing clods to bring soil to bring soil to a fine tilth.

Planting crossing block


Staggard planting of parental lines facilitates better management of pollination in the crossing block for hybrid TPS production. Male parents are planted about a week earlier than the female line to have pollen available before the female lines start blooming.

Planting crossing block


Male block is generally kept about 1/4 to 1/5 of the female block, depending on pollen producing ability of the male parent. 60cm X 20 cm. Tubers size - 30-60 g Male and Female parents in the ratio of 1: 5 In the female block
Beds of three rows each are prepared at 50 cm inter-row distance (in the hills) or at 45 cm inter-row distance (in the plains) leaving 80 cm In these blocks tubers are planted at 15 cm distance. After the germination, trim the plants in female block to retain a single stem per plant.

Trimming flowers
In female parents flower buds are trimmed to six flowers per bunch/stem to obtain higher fraction of bold seeds as the essential constituent of high quality TPS. Plants retaining 6-8 large size buds per bunch are essential for quality production. Very small buds, old flowers and berries If any, should be removed from the bunches prepared for pollination next day

Arrangement of light
Lighting arrangement to provide 4-5 hours extra lumination everyday after sunset with 30-40 lux intensity is to be made to induce flowering. One sodium vapour lamp of 150 W per 100 sq.m. is sufficient to induce flowering effectively. Flower buds start to appear 3540 days after planting.

Flower collection
Flowers from male parents, are collected just before the anther dehiscence in the evening preceding the day of pollination to obtain maximum pollen. Only just opened flowers with anthers that are about to shed pollen or the large size buds, which would open next day, should be collected.

Pollen extraction and storage


Collected flowers - Blotting paper - flower dry. Anthers placed in the fine mesh nylon net bag and kept inside a desicator for proper dehydration in refrigerator overnight at 8-9 0 C. Pollen grains are extracted in a petridish by mild shaking the anthers through a fine mesh nylon net sieve. The vials are kept iniside a refrigerator at a temperature of 8-9 0 C. Pollen remain viable inside the refrigerator for about 14 days and 1 month at 2.50C temperature.

Pollination method
Higher pollination efficiency is achieved by dipping receptive stigma into the pollen grains collected in shallow vials. Brush or a pair of forceps is also used to transfer pollen grains to the stigma of female flower. First pollination is to be performed between 8-10 AM and repollinate the flowers at the same time next day. After pollination Stigma turn brown and the flower slightly droop. The fruits i.e., berry is set within a week of pollination.

On plant maturation and harvesting of berries


For producing vigorous or high quality TPS, higher doses of nitrogen are applied in split at every 15 days interval. The matured and yellowish green berries are collected 50-55 days after pollination ensure better quality TPS.

Post harvest ripening of berries Berries are kept in room temperature for 10-15 days which makes them soft for easier maceraton. Extraction of seed Reverse screw juice extractor is used for maceration of berries (100-150 kg a day). 3.13 mm pore size or 20 mesh sieve. 10 % hydrochloric acid (HCl ) at continuous stirring for 20 minutes. After through rinsing with water followed by 0.5% sodium hypochlorite treatment (10 minute) removes mucilage.

Processing of seed of TPS


Seeds are spread in a thin layer on muslin cloth under fan for 24 hours or in shade(in plains) or in mild sun(In hills) for drying for 3 days. It can also be safely dried in any type of low moisture environment i.e. force air oven, fan etc. Temperature above 300 C should be avoided during the initial seed drying period. There after seeds can be safely dried under temperature not exceeding 400C50C with any method used for drying, newly harvested seed should not be dried to a level of about 4% seed moisture content.

Seedling production.
Method 1 Seedlings are raised in primary nursery beds and subsequent transplanted in secondary (production) nursery beds for tuberization. In this method about 40 g TPS and 30 m2 nursery bed area required for producing enough seedling tubers for planting one hectare area in the next year. Method 2 In this method 2-3 seeds at 10 cm inter-row and 10 cm intra-row are sown. Depth of sowing is 0.5 cm . the seedling are not transferred to another seed bed.

Stage

Procedure

Multiplication ratio

Plant selection and tuber indexing Stage 1

-True to type plant selected 0 -Virus indexing for PVX, -Y, -S,-A, -M, PLRV and PSTVi by ELISA -Multiplied during low aphid population (Apr-Sept in hills and Oct-Jan in plains) at 1 X 1 m spacing -3 visual inspection -1-1.2 m spacing -3 visual inspection in 4-5 plants per row -Bulk produce of 2nd stage multiplied -Spacing 60 X 20 cm -Virus indexing in 300 plants /ha -Bulk produce of 3rd stage multiplied -100 plants tested for virus free/ha -Normal spacing in low aphid population -3 inspection. 15

Stage 2

Stage 3

Stage 4 Foundation 1 Foundation 2 Certified seed

6 6

Seed potato production technology


Hill seed:- The seed produced in hills (above 2500 m) at suitable location is called hill seed. Plain zone - low aphid incidence period
North western plains oct. to end of dec. North central plains oct. to 10th jan. North eastern plains oct. to 20th jan.

Seed production in eastern plains, Deccan plateau and southern latitudes: Seed should be produced by the help of systemic insecticide as effective low aphid period is practically absent.

Seed production in Nilgiris: Low aphid population summer; higher in autumn and winter

Land preparation Potato field must be properly labeled with proper surface drainage. Six or seven ploughings and planking are required to make the soil loose, friable and porous. Land requirements The land should be free of
Wart and /or Cyst forming nematode Brown rot or non cyst forming nematode within the 3 years Common scab

The soil of selected field should be well drained, well aerated, deep and having a pH range of 5.2 to 6.4.

Stages of seed production:Foundation I: progeny of the breeder seed Foundation II: Progeny of the foundation I Certified I: progeny of the foundation II Certified II: Progeny of the certified I* (* this is done in case of those varieties which have a low rate of multiplication and the years of shortage of seeds)

Seed Medium-sized, 40-50 g in weight, 40-45 mm in diameter and disease-free tubers should be preferred. 15-20 q large whole tubers, 10-15 q medium-sized tubers, 8-10 q small size tubers and 6-8 q cut tubers.

Isolation requirement
A minimum isolation distance of 5 m for foundation and certified seed class should be provided all around a seed field to separate it from other varieties, and fields of the same variety not conforming to varietal purity and health requirements for certification.

Sowing
It is sown either on ridges or in flat beds. Sowing on ridges gives higher yield. In Maharastra, Karnataka and some parts of Uttar Pradesh flat bed sowing is also done. Spacing between each row is kept 15-22 cm while the spacing for ridges may vary from 45-60 to 75 cm row-to-row and 15-22 cm from plant-to-plant according to variety and time of sowing.

Manures and fertilizers


Potato being a shallow-rooted crop, requires high nutrients. It needs 120-150 kg N, 45 kg P205 and 100 kg K2O /Ha. 20 T/ha FYM Basal dose Green manuring Green manuring crops like Diancha (sesbania aculate) or sunnhemp (Crotolaria juncea) may be grown in the second or third week of June, just before the onset of monsoon. The green manure crop is buried in later half of august with mould board plough.

Interculture Keep the soil loose and destroy weeds. The first earthing-up should be done when plants are 15-25 cm high. The second earthing-up is often required later to cover up the tubers properly. Irrigation Potato should be irrigated mainly during 3 stages: a) 20-25 days after planting (stolon formation stage); b) 45-50 days after planting (stolon development and tuber formation stage); and c) 65 days after planting (tuber development stage). Post planting irrigation should be light and subsequent be given at 6-10 days intervals in sandy loam soil and at 10-12 days In heavy soils. Stop irrigation 7-10 days before haulm cutting.

Rouging First rouging:- 25 days after sowing to remove


All virus affected plants All plants apparently belonging to other varieties and which can be identified from foliage.

Second rouging: Fully grown crop; 50-60 days after sowing. At this time tubers are formed so while rouging remove not only upper portion but also tubers. Virus affected plants and off types, if any, should be removed.

Third rouging: Done before cutting the foliage. At this stage all virus affected plants and off type plants, if any, along with their tubers have to be carefully removed, so that no such plants are left in the field.

Halum Cutting It is an important practice adopted as a precautionary measure to avoid chances of viral disease transmission through the vectors like aphids. It restricts the chance of tuber infection by spores. Irrigation is stopped 7-10 days before haulm cutting It is done during mid-January. Plants are cut on ground level. Gramaxone 2 liter/ha would prevent regrowth and has also been effective in controlling weed. Even two sprays at 4-7 days interval are taken to get complete killing of haulms.

Harvesting and curing


Time of harvest The crop is ready to harvest 10-15 days after haulm cutting when the skin of the tuber become firm. Harvesting may extend upto 15th February and never be delayed beyond 3rd week of February; this cause in tuber rot due to soft rot and charcoal rots. Early harvesting tuber cannot withstand long transportation and storage.

Method of harvest It should be harvested by tracker drawn harvester as it reduces the mechanical injury and cuts in the tuber Curing
The harvested tuber should be cured for 7-10 days in shade for skin hardening to avoid mechanical injury during transport Cure potatoes at 13-16oC and a relative humidity of 9095 per cent for 8-15 days to heal wounds and bruises. It decreases the superficial moisture from tuber.

Grading of seed potato tuber


All the off types, cut damage and rotten tubers are removed. Several disease affect the seed tuber quality and can be recognized by observing distinct features as given below
Disease Late blight Charcol rot Black scruff Dry rot Symptoms Sunken purple spots on the surface of the tuber, flesh has brown necrosis Near eyes and lenticels black patches appear Chocolate colour sclerotia on the tuber Brown patches enlarge and sunken ultimately skin wrinkled to form concentric rings.

Storage
If the ambient temperatures are above 32oc, the seed potato should first be kept in pre cooling chambers, or in a cool place for preconditioning, and then stored in cold storage at temperatures from 2.2 to 3.3oc and 75 to 80% relative humidity. Seed potatoes should be stored at a temperature of 3-5oC with a relative humidity of 90-95 per cent for long-term storage.

Objective To improve the grower seed stock by selecting the best plant from the current crop. Tubers from selected plants are harvested and stored separately and used for cultivating in the next season

Procedure
The growers best potato crop is used to begin the seed improvement program. Selection at flowering time is best and easiest to recognize the desired variety Mark the healthiest and most vigorous plants in the field with stakes. Stake all plants needed at the same time, and only those of the same variety.

Before harvesting the field, hand-harvest the staked plants to keep selected tubers separate. Store tubers harvested from staked plants separate from the other potatoes to avoid mixtures and contamination The following season plant the selected tubers in a newly-established potato seed plot. Plant the seed plot on land not used for potatoes the previous season or longer, and at some distance from other potato fields. Repeat the above process year by year to obtain disease free tubers.

Brief cultural practices Time of sowing:- The sowing should be done from 20th September (when rainfall is low) or 25th September, up to 15th October. Seed rate:- Seed rate depends on tuber size. 25 to 30 qtls of seed potato per hectare is required. Source of seed:- obtain nucleus / foundation seed from source approved by a certification agency.

Preparation of field:- prepare the field to a good tilth by deep ploughing, 3-4 harrowing, followed by leveling Fertilization:- for medium type of soil- 100125kg N, 80-100 kg P and 80-100 kg K per hectare. FYM 25 t/ha. All P,K and N at basal dose and rest at 25-30 cm plant height. Method of sowing:- row to row 60 cm, plant to plant 15-20 cm.

Below ground Insects


Wire worms White grub Flea beetle Seedcorn maggot

Above ground pest


Colorado potato beetle Cut worms Other foliar pests
Aphids Leaf hopper Whiteflies etc..
Leptinotarsa decemlinata
Agrotis epsilon Peridroma saucia

Insect control
Insects

Insects

Control measure Apply 15 kg/ha Thimet 10 G at the time of first earthing up or spray rogor or metasystox at 625 ml per hectare. After 60 days of sowing, If requied,spray 300 ml of dimecron or 625 ml of metasystox / Ha Apply 6.25 litre Aldrin/ha in 2500 litre of water before sowing, or incorporate 50 kg 5% aldrin dust/ha, in the soil before sowing Spray thiodan or Folithion at the rate of 750 ml in 625 litres of water per hectare.

Aphids, Jassids

Soil insects Cut worms

Bacterial disease
Disease
Bacterial Ring Rot Bacterial Soft Rot Blackleg Common scab

Causal agent
Clavibacter michiganensis Erwinia carotovora var. carotovora Erwinia carotovora var. atroseptica Streptomyces scabies

Remedy for bacterial diseases


-Plant disease-free seed into non-infested soil. -Use of resistant or tolerant varieties -Strict rouging of diseased plants -Avoid cut and bruises to the tubers

Fungal diseases
Disease Fungus involved Remedy for fungal disease

Late blight
Pink Rot Powdery scab

Phytophthora infestans
Phytophthora erythroseptica Spongospora subterranea.

Black scurf
Silver scurf Verticillium wilt

Rhizoctonia solani
Helminthosporium solani Verticillium spp.

-Use certified disease-free seed. -Destroy volunteer potato plants in the fields. -Reduce periods of leaf wetness and high humidity within the crop canopy by appropriately timing irrigation. -Use appropriate fungicide for the control of fungal diseases.

Fusarium dry rot, seed Fusarium spp. piece decay, and wilt

Silver scurf

Black scurf or stem canker

Powdery scab

Pink rot

Early blight leaf lesion

Fusarium dry rot

Late blight (1845-46)

Disease
Disease Soil borne disease Control measure Treat the potato seed with Agallol solution at 5 gm per litre of water.

Early blight and late blight

Spray the crop with Dithane M-45 at 2.25 kg per hectare in 625 litres of water. Dip the seed potato in Agallol solution, or in benlate at the rate of 100 gm in 100 litres of water for 3 minutes.

Black scurf

Viral disease
Potato Leafroll Virus Potato Virus Y Potato virus X Potato virus A Potato virus S Potato spindle tuber viriod

Management of viral diseases


Plant virus-free, certified seed Plant early and rogue out diseased plants Apply effective insecticides. Vine-kill as early as possible and continue use of an effective insecticide if needed until vines are completely dead

Physiological disorders
Black heart Hollow heart Freezing injury

Black heart
Blackheart results from an insufficient oxygen supply to internal tuber tissue. The centre of the tuber turns blue-black Blackheart is prevented by proper ventilation, storing at recommended temperatures, and improvement of soil drainage.

Hollow heart
Hollow heart, a cavity near the centre of the tuber, results from rapid tuber growth. To reduce hollow heart
Plant susceptible varieties at closer spacing. Maintain uniform soil moisture throughout the entire growing season Plant to maximize stand of uniform plants and minimize misses Ensure adequate potassium fertility

Freezing injury
Potatoes exposed to a heavy field frost or to tubers that have been excessively chilled in storage. Frozen tissue, upon thawing, discolours and breaks down into a soft watery mass. losses can be reduced or prevented by
Storing at temperatures above 37F (3.0C) Proper ventilation and temperature control. Culling frozen potatoes prior to storage

Indigenous varieties
Agra Red, Chamba Red, Coonoor White, Coonoor Red, Darjeeling Red Round (DRR), Desi, Dhatauri, Gola type A, Gola type B, Gola type Ca, Phulva, Phulva Purple Splashed, Sathoo, Red Long Kidney, Shan and Silbilati

Exotic varieties
Ally, Arram Cousnal, Ben Cruacha, Craigs Defiance, Dunbar Cavalier, Greay Scot, Italian White Round, Late Carman, Magnum Bonum, Magestic, Northern Star, President, Raeburns Gregor Cups, Red Rock, Royal Kidney and Up-to-Date.

Varieties and hybrids from CPRI


Year of release Varieties 1958 Kufri Kisan, K. Kuber, K. Kumar, K. Kundan, K. Red, K. Safed 1963 Kufri Neeela 1967 Kufri Sindhuri Kufri Alankar, K. Chamatkar, K. Chandramukhi, K, Jeevan, K. Jyoti, K. 1968 Khasigaro, K. Naveen, K. Neelamani, K. Sheetman 1971 Kufri Muthu 1972 Kufri Lauvkar 1973 Kufri Dewa 1979 Kufri Badshal 1980 Kufri Bahar 1982 Kufri Lalima 1983 Kufri Sherpa 1985 Kufri Swarna 1989 Kufri Megha 1996 Kufri Jawahar, K, Sutley and K. Asloka 1998 Kufri Pukraj, K. Chipsona-1, K. Chipsona-1 & 2 and K. Giriraj 1999 Kufri Anand

Crop Duration Variety Kufri Alanker Kufri Anand Kufri Asloka Kufri Badshah K. Bahar K. Chamatkar K. Chandramukhi K. Chipsona-1 K. Chipsona-2 K. Chipsona-3 K. Chipsona-4 K. Dewa x Early Medium Late NIH

Regions of Adaptability NIP x SNBH PLT SIH

yield Tonnes/ ha 20-25 35-40 40 50 45

25-30
25 40

35
35 30-35 30-40

K. Giriraj

25-30

K. Jawahar K. Jeevan K. Jyoti K. Khusigaro K. Kisan K. Kuber K. Kumar K. Kundan K. Lalima K. Lauvkar K. Megha K. Muthu K. Naveen K. Neela

40 20-25 20 25-30 20-25 30 25 30 40 30 25-30 30 30 30

K. Neelamani k. Navtal (G2524) K. Navjot K. Pukhraj K. Red K. Safed K. Sheetman K. Sherpa K. Sindhuri K. Sutlej K. Swarna x

25-30

15-20 20 40 30-35 25-30 25 30 40 40 35

Field standards
Isolation

Specific requirement

Seed standards

Note
1. The size of tuber will be decided either on the basis of mean of two widths of a tuber at the middle and that of length or on the basis of corresponding weight of tuber. 2. In a seed lot, tubers not conforming to specific size of seed shall not exceed more than 5.0% (by number) 3. (a) The seed material shall be reasonably clean healthy firm and shall conform to the characteristics of the variety the tubers not conforming to the varietal characteristics shall not exceed 0.050% and 0.10% (by number) for foundation and certified seed classes respectively. (b) Cut, bruised, unshapy, cracked tubers or those damaged by insects, slugs or worms shall not exceed more than 1.0% (by weight.) (c) Greenish pigmentation on tubers will not be a disqualification for certification.

Maximum tolerance limit of tubers showing visible symptoms caused by the diseases mentioned below will be as follows:

TRUE POTATO SEED (TPS)


Field Standards

Specific requirement

*Maximum permitted at and after flowering. **Maximum permitted at final inspection, though the diseases mentioned above are not transmitted through TPS but it is essential to maintain a good crop hygiene.

All certified hybrid TPS lots produced by adopting emasculation or tubing or without emasculation with timely application of pollen from male parent to avoid selfing or through use of Chemical Hybridising Agents (CHAs) shall be subjected to grow-out test and shall conform to the following minimum genetic purity (Hybridity) requirements:
Class Certified Genetic purity (%) (Minimum) 90

During grow-out test, the offtype plants (other than selfed plants) such as segregants, outcrosses and plants of other varieties should not exceed more than 1.50% out of 10.0% plants earmarked for selfed plants. The minimum population size of 400 plants shall be maintained in two replicates of 200 each or four of 100 throughout the test and each plant shall be examined individually. The reject number shall be as follows:
Class Certified Minimum genetic purity (%) 90.0(90 in 100) Reject number 44

Seed standards

POTATO TISSUE CULTURE MINITUBER (PTCMT) STANDARDS


Field Standards Field Standards for direct use of PTCMT as seed a. General requirements 1. Isolation: Not applicable as plants are grown in greenhouse. 2. All micro propagation and greenhouse facilities must be notified by Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, as per the standards.

b. Specific requirements
Maximum permissible limits Maximum permitted (%)* *Off types 0.05 ** Plants showing symptoms of: - Mild mosaic (Maximum) 0.05 - Severe mosaic, leaf roll, yellows and apicalleaf curl (Maximum) - 0.05

Seed Standards for PTCMT

Field standards for Foundation crop and Certified crop raised out of Potato-Tissue Culture Mini tuber (PTCMT) (shall be same as prescribed for conventional method) General Requirement 1. Isolation

Specific requirements

Seed Standards for Foundation and Certified stages

Label for Potato-Tissue culture Mini tuber (PTCMT) (Breeder Seed)

Varieties/Hybrids Prevailing in Karnataka


Kufri Badshah (Kufri Jyoti x Kufri Alankar) - 1979 Kufri Chandramukhi (Seedling 4485 x Kufri Kuber) 1968 Kufri Lauvkar (Adina x Sarkov) - 1972 Kufri Pukhraj (Craigs Defiance x JEX/B-687) - 1998 Kufri Swarna (Kufri Jyoti x (VTn)2 62.33.3 ) -1985 Kufri Jawahar (Kufri Neelamani x Kufri Jyoti) - 1996

Recent advances
Genome sequence and analysis of the tuber crop potato (The Potato Genome Sequencing Consortium*) INDO-BLIGHTCAST : A web based Pan India model for forecasting potato late blight. - CPRI Decision Support System for Late Blight Management CPRI Development of multiple disease resistant potato hybrids (LBY-15 & LBY-17) at CPRI
Gene stacking for multiple disease resistance CPRI Development of heat tolerant genotypes - CPRI

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