Sequential Logic

Combinatorial components: the output values are computed only from their present input values. Sequential components: their output values are computed using both the present and past input values. Sequential circuits can contain only a finite number of states finite state machines Synchronous and Asynchronous

Sequential Circuits
Contains Memory Elements Asynchronous sequential circuits change their state and output values when input changes Synchronous sequential circuits change their output values at fixed points of time, which are specified by the rising or falling edge of a clock signal Clock period is the time between successive transitions in the same direction Active high state changes occur at the clocks rising edge( on higher voltage) Active low state changes occur at the clocks falling edge( on lower voltage)

4 Basic types of Flip-Flops

SR, JK, D, and T JK ff has 2 inputs, J and K need to be asserted at the same time to change the state D ff has 1 input D (DATA), which sets the ff when D = 1 and resets it when D = 0 T ff has1 input T (Toggle), which forces the ff to change states when T = 1 SR ff has 2 inputs, S (set) and R (reset) that set or reset the output Q when asserted

Gated D-Latch
Ensures S and R inputs never equal to 1 at the same time Useful in control application where setting or resetting a flag to some condition is needed Stores bits of information Constructed from a gated SR latch and a Data latch

D Flip-Flop
D Q+ 0 0 1 1
Characteristics : Q+ = Next State

Synchronous Avoids the instability of RS flip-flop Retains its last input value To set the ff, place 1 on D input and pause the CK input To reset, place 1 on D input and pause the CK input

JK Flip Flop

J Set K Reset

J = K = 0 output does not change

J = K = 1 invert the outputs

Clocked JK Flip Flop

T Flip-Flop
T D
SET

CLR

T 0 1
T = 1 force the state change T = 0 state remain the same

Q+ Q Q

D and JK Flip-Flop
D
SET

CLR

D 0 1 J 0 0 1 1 K 0 1 0 1

Q+ 0 1 Q+ Q 0 1 Q

SET

CLR

How to use JK to implement D Flip-Flop

D
0 1

Q+
0 1

J 0 0 1 1

K 0 1 0 1

Q+ Q 0 1 Q

D ffs property: When in = 0, the out(Q+) = 0. When in = 1, the out(Q+) is 1 invert K invert K

SET

CLR

How to use JK to implement T Flip-Flop

J 0 0 1 1 T 0 1 K 0 1 0 1 Q+ Q 0 1 Q Q+ Q Q
T ffs property: When in = 0, the out(Q+) = no change When in = 1, the out(Q+) is = complement No change

State change

SET

T
K
CLR

How to use D to implement JK Flip-Flop

J 0 0 1 1 D 0 1 K 0 1 0 1 Q+ Q 0 1 Q

KQ J

0 1

00 01 11 10 0(Q) 1(Q) 0 0 1 1 0(Q) 1(Q)

Q+ 0 1

(Q ) = no state change (Q) = state change

D = JQ + KQ

How to use D to implement JK Flip-Flop

D = JQ + KQ

J
D
SET

K
CLR

How to use T to implement JK Flip-Flop

J 0 0 1 1 T 0 1 K 0 1 0 1 Q+ Q 0 1 Q

KQ 00
J 0 1 0 1

01
0 0

11
1 1

10
0 1

Q+ Q Q

T = KQ + JQ

How to use T to implement JK Flip-Flop

T = KQ + JQ

T D

SET

CLR

How to use D to implement T Flip-Flop

Q+

D 0 1

Q+ 0 1

T0

0 1 0 1 1 0

T 0 1

Q+ Q Q

D = TQ + TQ

How to use D to implement T Flip-Flop

D = TQ + TQ

SET

CLR

How to use T to implement D Flip-Flop

T 0 1 D 0 1 Q+ Q Q Q+ 0 1

Q+ 0
D 0 1 0 1

1
1 0

T = DQ + DQ

How to use T to implement D Flip-Flop

T = DQ + DQ

T D

SET

D
CLR

SR-Flip Flop
S R Q Q

0 1 0 1
S 1 0 1 0

0 0 1 1
R 1 1 0 0

Q 1 0 0
Q Q 1 0 1

Q 0 1 0
Q Q 0 1 1

SET RESET

SET RESET

SR-Flip Flop
Asynchronous If S=0 and R=1, Q is set to 1, and Q is reset to 0 IF R=0 and S=1, Q is reset to 0, and Q is set to 1 If S=1 and R=1, Q and Q maintain their previous state If S=0 and R=0, a transition to S=1, R=1 will cause oscillation

SET

CLR

Clocked SR Flip-Flop
Similar to SR Flip-flop but with extra control input C, which enables or disables the operation of S and R inputs.

C=1 Enabled C=0 Disabled, circuit persists in preceding state

SET

CLR

Instability
RS flip-flops can become unstable if both R and S are set to 0 All sequential elements are fundamentally unstable under certain conditions
Invalid transitions Transitions too close together Transitions at the wrong time

Edge and level-triggered Flip Flop

Digital circuit often form loops, flip-flops oscillations can Oscillation will not occur because by the time an output change cause an input change, the activating edge of the CK signal will be gone Positive edge triggered ff responds to a positive going edge of clock Negative edge triggered responds to a negative-going edge

Positive-edge-triggered D Flip-Flop
When CLK=0 the master latch is open and the content of D is transferred to QM When CLK=1 the master is closed and its output is transferred to the slave Master and slave latches are never enabled at the same time

References
www.play-hookey.com/digital www.infopad.eecs.berkeley.edu/~icdesign/ SLIDES/slides6.pdf www.cs.mun.ca/~paul/cs3724/material/we b/notes/node14.html Dos Reis, Assembly Language and Computer Architecture Using C++ and Java