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Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is a layer that protects the cell nucleus and cytoplasm, has a thickness of 8 nm. Cell membrane wrapped organelles within the cell. The cell membrane is also a means of transportation for the cell entrance and exit of substances that are needed and not needed by the cell.

The chemical composition of the membrane

Membrane contains: - Lipid bilayer membrane structure and framework serves as a barrier ('barrier') which restrict the movement of molecules randomly - Protein - Carbohydrate binding to lipids (glycolipids) or perotein (glycoprotein)
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Structure of the Cell Membrane

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Membrane Components

Phospholipids Cholesterol

Proteins (peripheral and integral) 5 Carbohydrates (glucose)

2. Model Robertson (1950)

Robertson using electron microscopy, revealed that cell membranes are composed of three layers of dark light of the size of each 2 nm - 3.5, so that the entire membrane measuring 7.5 nm. In describing the concept in the lipid layer as two sheets of lipid, called lipid hidrofilik that the tangent to the layer of protein molecules.
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1. Davson & Danielli (1954)

Membrane lipid bilayer structure which is interspersed with globular proteins across the membrane and there is also a protein on the surface of the outer and inner membranes.
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3.Singer & Nicholson (1972) Mosaic model / 'fluid mozaic'

Plasma membrane lipid bilayer consisting of residing in a state of fluid and can move laterally within the membrane structure of the dynamic interaction of the temporary or semipermanent. Mosaic proteins are distributed differently with lipid particles do not form a continuous layer. Proteins can cross the membrane phospholipids, or cmassengale 8 are at thecopyright edge of the cell

FLUID MOSAIC MODEL

FLUID- because individual phospholipids and proteins can move side-to-side within the layer, like its a liquid. MOSAIC- because of the pattern produced by the scattered protein molecules when the 9 membrane is viewed from above.

Types of Transport Across Cell Membranes

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DIFFUSION
Diffusion is a PASSIVE process which means no energy is used to make the molecules move, they have a natural KINETIC ENERGY Molecules move from area of HIGH to LOW concentration throught the membran plasma or not
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Diffusion of Liquids

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Diffusion through a Membrane

Cell membrane
Solute moves DOWN concentration gradient (HIGH to 13 LOW)

Diffusion of H2O Across A Membrane

High H2O potential Low solute concentration

Low H2O potential 14 High solute concentration

Osmosis
Osmosis is the movement of solvent molecule through a selectively permeable membrane.the principle of osmosis : from the dilute (hipotonis) to the more concentrated (hypertonic). Osmosis will stop if concentration is isotonic.
Diffusion across a membrane

Semipermeable membrane

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Example : 1. Sign in and increase the mineral water into bodys trees. The water content in the soil has a greater solvent (hypotonic) than in the vessel, so that the water enters the xylem / cell plant. 2. If a plant cell is placed in hypertonic conditions (high solute or solvent low), then the cell will shrink ( plasmolisis) because the cell fluid out into the hypertonic solution. 3. Sea water is hypertonic to the cells of the human body, so drink sea water it causes dehydration. 4. The potatoes were put in salt water will experience shrinkage. 16

Types of Transport Proteins

Channel proteins are embedded in the cell membrane & have a pore for materials to cross Carrier proteins can change shape to move material from one side of the membrane to the other
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Active Transport
Requires energy or ATP Moves materials from LOW to HIGH concentration AGAINST concentration gradient
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Active transport
Examples: Pumping Na+ (sodium ions) out and K+ (potassium ions) in against strong concentration gradients.
Called Na+-K+ Pump
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Endocytosis Pinocytosis

Most common form of endocytosis. Takes in dissolved molecules as a vesicle 20 .

Pinocytosis
Cell forms an invagination Materials dissolve in water to be brought into cell Called Cell Drinking
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Endocytosis Phagocytosis

Used to engulf large particles such as food, bacteria, etc. into vesicles
Called Cell Eating
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The opposite of endocytosis is exocytosis. Large molecules that are manufactured in the cell are released through the cell membrane.

Exocytosis

Inside Cell

Cell environment

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Cell Wall
Present in plant cells and bacterial cells Function: provide suport and protection to the cell membrane There are pores in the cell walls to facilitate the exchange of material outside of the material in the cell Made of cellulose

Differences Of Prokaryotic Cell Wall and Eukaryotic Cell Wall

Prokaryotic Cell Wall Eukaryotic Cell Wall

Cells without a nucleus and other Cells with a nucleus & membrane membrane-bound organelles bound organelles

Have a simple DNA, slimmer Have a complex DNA, more amount contain the couple of basa containing couple of basa nukleotida, in form of sirkuler nukleotida, so that have to be furled protein histon Have a single chromosome Process the regulasi protein more simple Process translasi simultan Have a chromosome more than one sintesis Process the regulasi protein more complex sintesis

the transkipsi and Process Transkipsi in the nucleus can be happened by and process translasi in the sitoplasma, concurrently Both cannot walk