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Oil
The various types of oils used as fuel are Furnace oil, LSHS, H.P.S., L.D.O, Kerosene, Diesel etc The properties of liquid fuels of importance are water content, density, specific gravity, Viscosity, Calorific value, Sulphur, Ash and carbon residue
Between rail/tank lorry decanting point and main storage tank Between service tank and pre-heater Between burner pre-heater and
LOSS OF EVEN ONE DROP OF OIL EVERY SECOND CAN COST YOU OVER 4000 LITRES A YEAR
Heating entire oil tank or outflow heater to heat oil pumped away
Outflow heater with steam or electricity
Pumping Temperature, oC Viscosity (Centistokes) 50 7
230
900 1500
27
38 49
Natural Gas
0.6
9350
10
1954
0.290
Propane
1.52
22200
25
1967
0.460
Butane
1.96
28500
32
1973
0.870
Proximate Analysis
Fixed carbon
Volatile matter
Ash content
Moisture content
Sulphur content
Ultimate Analysis
Carbon Content Hydrogen Content Oxygen Content Sulphur content Nitrogen Content Mineral Matter
Moisture content
Heavy precipitated compounds in oil Rust of scale in tank Carbonisation of oil due to excessive heating
Storage of Coal
Good coal storage essential to minimize carpet loss and spontaneous combustion Store coal on hard ground to reduce carpet loss
Sizing of Coal
Size coal with reference to type of firing system Proper sizing helps even burning, reduce ash loss and achieve better combustion efficiency Screen coal before sizing to reduce fines and save crushing power
Type of Firing system
Stoker-Chain grate Natural Draft Forced Draft Spreader Stoker Pulverized fuel fired Fluidized bed boiler Size in mm
Gaseous Fuel
Natural gas is a clean fuel with high calorific value fuel and requiring no storage facilities
LPG stored under pressure to withstand vapour pressure:Propane-17.5 kg/cm2 and Butane-7 kg/cm2
Escape of even small quantities of LPG Gas pose safety hazard
3 Ts of Combustion
TIME
All combustion requires sufficient Time which depends upon type of Reaction TEMPERATURE
Temperature must be more than ignition temperature
TURBULENCE
Proper turbulence helps in bringing the fuel and air in intimate contact and gives them enough time to complete reaction.
Oil Combustion
Stoichiometric or theoretical air is ideal amount of air required for burning 1 kg of fuel 1 kg of fuel oil requires ~14.1 kg of air for complete combustion
C + O2 CO 2 + 8084 Kcals/kg of Carbon 2C + O2 2 CO + 2430 Kcals/kg of Carbon 2H 2 + O2 2H2O + 28,922 Kcals/kg of Hydrogen S + O2 SO2 + 2,224 Kcals/kg of Sulphur
100 90 80
Excess air %
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 8.4 9 10 11 12 13 14
Carbon dioxide %
250
200
150
100
50
Coal Combustion
1 kg of coal requires 10 -12 kg of air for complete combustion Primary air is supplied below the grate and Secondary air over the grate Supply of PA and SA regulated with coal bed thickness Secondary air provided to create good turbulence Clinkers formed on combustion to be removed immediately
Town Gas
Natural Gas
9.5
11.7
10.0
3.2
30.0
14.0
12.5
2.2
24.0
13.7
12.2
2.3
Burners
Burners convert fuel oil into millions of small droplets process called atomization
90-180 Secs.
Small-5:1 Large-10:1
2-3 %
120-200 Secs.
22 to 2275
Pressure Jet
Rotary Cup
NIL
70-100 Secs.
Up to 13000
15-20 %
150-200 Secs.
3 to 1150
Gas Burner
Low pressure burners Operate over range of 25-100 mm Water Column Gas Supply Pressure High pressure burners operate over range of 120 1750 mm WC
Burner Controls
ON/OFF-Burner firing at either full rate or OFF
HIGH/LOW/OFF Burner operates at slow firing rate and full firing rate as per load MODULATING BURNER Firing rate matches the boiler load