CONCEPT OF STRESS

STRESS IN THE MEMBERS OF A STRUCTURE

The force per unit area, or intensity of the forces
distributed over a given section, is called the stress
on that section.
Denoted by Greek letter (Sigma)


A
P
= o
2 9 9
2 6 6
2 3 3
2
2
/ 10 10 1
/ 10 10 1
/ 10 10 1
) ( 1 1
: .
m N Pa GPa
m N Pa MPa
m N Pa kPa
Pascal Pa
m
N
m
N
Units SI
= =
= =
= =
=
AXIAL LOADING : NORMAL STRESS
AXIAL LOADING: NORMAL STRESS
The normal stress at a particular point may not be
equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy
} }
= = =
A
ave
dA dF A P o o
The resultant of the internal forces for an axially
loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.
A
P
A
F
ave
A
=
A
A
=
A
o o
0
lim
The force intensity on that section is defined as
the normal stress.
A uniform distribution of stress is only possible
if the concentrated loads on the end sections of
two-force members are applied at the section
centroids. This is referred to as centric loading.
If a two-force member is eccentrically loaded,
then the resultant of the stress distribution in a
section must yield an axial force and a moment.
A uniform distribution of stress in a section infers
that the line of action for the resultant of the
internal forces passes through the centroid of the
section.
The stress distributions in eccentrically loaded
members cannot be uniform or symmetric.
Centric & Eccentric Loading
The resultant of the internal shear force
distribution is defined as the shear of the section
and is equal to the load P.
Forces P and P are applied transversely to the
member AB.
Corresponding internal forces act in the plane
of section C and are called shearing forces.
A
P
=
ave
t
The corresponding average shear stress is,
Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the
member surfaces to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average value.
The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to
be uniform.
Shearing Stress
A
F
A
P
= =
ave
t
Single Shear
A
F
A
P
2
ave
= = t
Double Shear
Shearing Stress Examples
Bolts, rivets, and pins create
stresses on the points of contact
or bearing surfaces of the
members they connect.
d t
P
A
P
= =
b
o
Corresponding average force
intensity is called the bearing
stress,
The resultant of the force
distribution on the surface is
equal and opposite to the force
exerted on the pin.
Bearing Stress in Connections
STRESS IN TWO FORCE MEMBERS
Axial forces on a two force
member result in only normal
stresses on a plane cut
perpendicular to the member axis.
The forces acting on each end of
member must have the same
magnitude, same line of action,
and opposite sense.
STRESS ON AN OBLIQUE PLANE
Pass a section through the member forming
an angle u with the normal plane.
u u
u
u
t
u
u
u
o
u
u
cos sin
cos
sin
cos
cos
cos
0
0
2
0
0
A
P
A
P
A
V
A
P
A
P
A
F
= = =
= = =
The average normal and shear stresses on
the oblique plane are
u u sin cos P V P F = =
Resolve P into components normal and
tangential to the oblique section,
From equilibrium conditions, the
distributed forces (stresses) on the plane
must be equivalent to the force P.
MAXIMUM STRESSES
The maximum normal stress occurs when the
reference plane is perpendicular to the member
axis,
0
0
m
= ' = t o
A
P
The maximum shear stress occurs for a plane at
+ 45
o
with respect to the axis,
o t ' = = =
0 0
2
45 cos 45 sin
A
P
A
P
m
u u t u o cos sin cos
0
2
0
A
P
A
P
= =
Normal and shearing stresses on an oblique
plane
Stress Under General Loadings
A member subjected to a general
combination of loads is cut into two
segments by a plane passing through
Q
For equilibrium, an equal and
opposite internal force and stress
distribution must be exerted on the
other segment of the member.
A
V
A
V
A
F
x
z
A
xz
x
y
A
xy
x
A
x
A
A
=
A
A
=
A
A
=
A A
A
lim lim
lim
0 0
0
t t
o
The distribution of internal stress
components may be defined as,
State of Stress
Stress components are defined for the planes
cut parallel to the x, y and z axes. For
equilibrium, equal and opposite stresses are
exerted on the hidden planes.
It follows that only 6 components of stress are
required to define the complete state of stress
The combination of forces generated by the
stresses must satisfy the conditions for
equilibrium:
0
0
= = =
= = =


z y x
z y x
M M M
F F F
( ) ( )
yx xy
yx xy z
a A a A M
t t
t t
=
A A = =

0
zy yz zy yz
t t t t = = and similarly,
Consider the moments about the z axis:
Stress matrix in 3D=
Quantity One
dimension
Two dimension Three
dimension
Scalar
Vector
Tensor
0
1 1=
1
1 1=
2
1 1=
1
3 3 =
2
3 9 =
2
2 4 =
1
2 2 =
0
3 1=
0
2 1=
(
(
(

=
zz zy zx
yz yy yx
xz xy xx
o t t
t o t
t t o
o
Comparison of number of
components
FACTOR OF SAFETY
stress allowable
stress ultimate
safety of Factor
all
u
= =
=
o
o
FS
FS
Structural members or
machines must be designed
such that the working stresses
are less than the ultimate
strength of the material.
Factor of safety considerations:
uncertainty in material properties
uncertainty of loadings
uncertainty of analyses
number of loading cycles
types of failure
maintenance requirements and
deterioration effects
importance of member to structures
integrity
risk to life and property
influence on machine function
PROBLEM NO: 1
PROBLEM NO: 2
PROBLEM NO: 3
PROBLEM NO: 4