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ALWAYS RESPECT OTHERS FEELINGS

GLASS

Manufacture of Glass
Raw materials (silica sand, calcium, oxide, soda and Magnesium) are mixed in correct proportions with a quantity of scrap glass (cullet). Then it is heated to about 1500C. The cullet melts first and permits reaction & fusion of the remaining ingredients at temperatures below the melting point of pure silica. The liquid is then cooled at a temperature of 1000C 1200C.

ROLLED GLASS
Rolled glass is made by patterned rollers which roll over glass plates whilst they are still hot and moldable. This glass dont give clear vision but can be given textured or patterned finishes, allowing light transmission but giving some privacy when used in glazed doors or partitions. Numerous patterns are available to meet the needs of decoration creates aesthetic senses of changing lights and shades.

 Can be used for furniture & show shelves, areas where visual screen is required like bathroom, decorative illuminations. Another type of glass is Wired Glass which is the Wire mesh can be incorporated in the glass. Wired Glass have a higher fire resistance and increased safety against injury from impact. Wired Glass also has shock resistant safety whereby if the glass is broken due to shocking, the fragment wont fall down cause it is connected by wire mesh

Wired Glass

Rolled Glass

FLOAT GLASS
This glass is optically flat & wide choice of tinted color such as green, blue, bronze and grey The float process is generally acknowledged as the best way of producing glass. The float process is efficient and produces glass of perfect flatness, with no distortion and high clarity. This type of process is called float because during production, the molten (liquid) glass floats on a molten tin bath. It is now used for general glazing purposes, as well as mirrors, shop windows and other situations where clear, undistorted vision is essential.

Float Glass Used For Mirrors In Building

Float Glass

Plate Made Using Float Glass

TOUGHENED GLASS
Toughening of glass can be carried out more simply by heat treatment. Sheet glass is heated uniformly until just plastic and then cooled by air jets. The outer layers contract and solidify and then, as inner layers try to follow, they throw the outer layers into compression, tending to close the microscopic cracks. In this way, the overall strength of the glass can be increased several times and impact strength may increase seven-fold, a 4 mm thickness complying with BS 6206 Class A.

 Cutting or edge working is not possible and it must be ordered to size The safe shattering of toughened glass will only small blunt particles that should not be able to perforate human skin

 Among the properties of toughened glass: a) Superior strength compared to annealed glass b) When failure occurs, glass panels shatter into small pieces that rather than sharp \shards as is the case with annealed glass. c) Good chemical resistance d) Attacked by hydrofluoric acid (HF) It can be used for solid glass doors, large windows, office partitions and suspended glass curtains.

Toughened Glass Used For Glass Door

Shatter Pattern Of Toughened Glass

LAMINATED GLASS
2 sheets of glass are bonded with a thin film of plastic such as Polyvinyl Butyrate under pressure at a temperature of about 100C The sandwiched plastic bonds well to the 2 glass surfaces and helps absorb energy in impacts, stops glass shattering & disintegrating if stressed to failure so that it often remains secure and weatherproof. This provides a high degree of resistance to injury from flying glass in case of impact.

 Under severe blows, a hole may be punched through, the surrounding glass remaining intact. High levels of impact resistance can be produced by increasing the number of glass / laminates Bullet and missile proof glazing are made in this way. Similar to the glass in car windshields, laminated glass may crack upon impact but the glass fragments tend to adhere to the plastic interlayer rather than falling free & potentially causing injury.

 Laminated glass is the only glass to provide durability, high performance & multifunctional benefits while at the same time preserving the aesthetic appearance of the glass. The strength of laminated glass is less than toughened glass. Cutting is possible where 2-ply glass is easily cut by scoring and breaking each side in turn.

Laminated Glass

Usage Of Laminated Glass For Building

Laminated Glass Would Not Shatter When It Breaks

Broken Laminated Glass

SAFETY WITH GLASS

Glass is described as safe if, in a standard impact test, any of the four condition is met: a) There is no breakage b) No shear or opening through which a 76 mm dia. Sphere can be passed freely c) Disintegration occurs but 10 largest crack - free particles 3 min. after impact together weight no more than the mass equivalent to 6500mm of the original test piece. d) Breakage results in several pieces but none of these present sharp edges that are pointed or dagger-like.

STRENGTH OF GLASS
Strength of any glass unit is determined largely by the effect of any surface imperfections it may contain. The highest strength obtained immediately after manufacture, though strengths are still variable. Strength reduces with ageing as surface imperfections increase whether by chemical attack or simply mechanical abrasion. Glass that has weathered for some years being much weaker than new glass. For this reason, old glass is more difficult to cut and more likely to fracture due to movement / fixing stresses.

FIRE PERFORMANCE
Ordinary glass has a poor performance in fire due to its tendency to shatter when heated. A period 60 minutes stability & integrity to BS 476 Part 8 (1972) can e achieved by use of wired glass or heat treated borosilicate glass, that can be laminated with float glass if high impact resistance is also required..

DURABILITY OF GLASS
Glass in unaffected by atmosphere and most acids except Hydroflouric Acid. Alkalis that occur in cement / chemical paint strippers, attack glass and destroy the smooth surface and light transmission properties.

ALWAYS LOVE AND APPRECIATE YOUR PARENTS

GOOD LUCK