Functional Logics

• Systems designed to provide the safe

start up, shut down and operation of
units.
• They use a system of locks and interlocks
that prevent unsafe situations developing.
• A logic system consists of inputs and
outputs, interconnected by gates and
timers.
• The system is designed to only allow
 Starter
Motor

Neutral

Output
Switc
Input
Logic Input

System

Input
Switc Switc
 Functional Logic
• Look like a series of boxes connected to
other boxes via signal lines
• The lines connect inputs to gates, timers
etc to the final element box.
• The signals are based on the Binary
system
• Signals are either 1 or 0
• Healthy Signal = 1
• Unhealthy Signal = 0
• Any signal failure for example due
to a
power failure would cause a
• If a final element is a solenoid, the
solenoid
will be energised in normal
operation to
• keep
Whenthethesystem
solenoid is de-energised
alive.
the system
will trip, to provide its

31-XE-
105

FUEL
GAS
• Logics sheets have coded circles and
symbols
connected off them.
• Logic sheets are read from left
to right.
A functional logic diagram may
encompass,
several sheets of functional logic.
Each of these sheets is necessary to
show the
interrelationship of a safeguarding logic
system

The sheets must be integrated with

each other.
Each sheet has an identifying
number in
the bottom right hand corner.
 Functional Logics

Logic Sheet Number

SAFEGAURDING DEB.FEEDGAS
-
FRACTIONATOR
SAUDIARAMCO SHELL REFINERT COMP. P

Logic Sheet Identification Number

Signals that leave, enter, or transfer on a
sheet are
displayed by a circle with the sheet
number
entered in the circle.

The identifying number in a circle on the

logic
diagram gives the identity of the
functional logic
sheet where the signal originates from,
or the
 A functional logic sheet may have
several
inputs/outputs to other sheets.

Sheet 13 A Sheet 14 A
14 13

Sheet 11 C Sheet 12 C
12 11

D Sheet 14 D
14 11
Fail Safe Concept

Healthy 1
Unhealthy 0
 Top Section is defined as healthy
and generates a logical 1

31-PEA-07
<HH
If signal is less than high high 1
setting then output is healthy
and gives a 1

Fuel Gas
0
IfBurner
signal is more than high high
setting then output is unhealthy
and gives a 0
Bottom Section is defined as
unhealthy
 High High setting = 3.5 bar

3.3
3.0 bar <HH
31-PEA-07
1

Fuel Gas
Burner

System Healthy
 High High setting = 3.5 bar

3.6 bar 31-PEA-07

<HH

Fuel Gas to 0
Burner

System Unhealthy
Unhealthy
OF
0 F

0
 ON
1

Healthy
 Two Position Rotary Switch
Position1

31-HE- 1
15

Emergency
Shutdown

Signal is 1 when not

actuated
Two Position Rotary Switch
Position 2

31-HE-
15

Emergency 0
Shutdown
Signal out known as
the “Y” output
Signal is 0 when
actuated
 Signal to Input box
Output greater than Low Low
Condition Healthy
Level Leg Input Box

Tuned
31-LEA-20 to trip the >LL 1
Range 4 to 20ma contacts.
Trip value 63% In this
= 14.08 ma output case at
14.08m 31-LEA-20
a

Tuned Relay 0 or 1 output

Output 15ma
 Signal to Input box
Output lower than Low Low
Condition Unhealthy
Level Leg Input Box

Tuned
31-LEA-20 to trip the >LL
Range 4 to 20ma contacts.
Trip value 63% In this
= 14.08 ma output case at
14.08m 31-LEA-20 0
a

Tuned Relay 0 or 1 output

Output 14 ma
 Signal to Input box
Output lower than Low Low
Condition Unhealthy
Level Leg Input Box

Tuned
31-LEA-20 to trip the >LL
Range 4 to 20ma contacts.
Trip value 63% In this
= 14.08 ma output case at 0
14.08m 31-LEA-20
a

Tuned Relay 0 or 1 output

Output 14 ma

Relay Trips
 Input Box

Gates and Timers

Final Element Box

 Gates
Device that performs a simple logic function

X1
Y
X2 >
A Truth Table shows the Logic of the Gate

X1 X2 Y

0 0
0
1 0
1
0 1
1
1 1
1
A Truth Table shows the Logic of the Gate

X1 X2 Y

1 0 0
X1 1
Y 0 If X1 is 1
X2 > 1 0 X2 is 0
0 1 Y is 1
0 1
1
1 1
1
 Truth Table

X1 X2 Y
X1 0 0
Y
X2 > 10 0
01 1
1 1
1
“OR” GATE

Needs X1 or X2 to be 1 for Y to be 1
 Truth Table

X1 X2 Y
X1 1 0 0
1 Y
X2 0 > 10 0
01 1
1 1
1
“OR” GATE

Needs X1 or X2 to be 1 for Y to be 1
 Truth Table

X1 X2 Y
X1 1 0 0
1 Y
X2 0 > 10 0
01 1
1 1
1
“OR” GATE

Needs X1 or X2 to be 1 for Y to be 1
 Truth Table

X1 X2 Y
X1 0 0 0
1 Y
X2 1 > 10 0
01 1
1 1
1
“OR” GATE

Needs X1 or X2 to be 1 for Y to be 1
 Truth Table

X1 X2 Y
X1 0 0 0
0 Y
X2 0 > 10 0
01 1
1 1
1
“OR” GATE

Needs X1 or X2 to be 1 for Y to be 1
 Truth Table

X1 X2 Y
X1 1 0 0
0 Y
X2 1 + 10 0
01 1
1 1
0
“EOR” GATE (Exclusive OR gate)

When X1 and X2 are both 1 signal = 0

 Truth Table

X1 X2 Y
X1 1 0 0
0 Y
X2 1 + 10 0
01 1
1 1
0
“EOR” GATE (Exclusive OR gate)

When X1 and X2 are both 1 signal = 0

 Truth Table

X1 X2 Y
X1 0 0
Y
X2 & 10 0
0 1
10 1
1
“AND” GATE

Needs X1 and X2 to be 1 for Y to be 1

 Truth Table

X1 X2 Y
X1 1 0 0
0 Y
X2 0 & 10 0
0 1
10 1
1
“AND” GATE
 Truth Table

X1 X2 Y
X1 0 0 0
0 Y
X2 1 & 10 0
0 1
10 1
1
“AND” GATE
 Truth Table

X1 X2 Y
X1 1 0 0
1 Y
X2 1 & 10 0
0 1
10 1
1
“AND” GATE
 Truth Table

X Y
X Y
0 1
1 0

“Invert Gate” GATE (or NOT Gate)

When X = 0 Y = 1
 Truth Table

X Y
X 0 1 Y
0 1
1 0

“Invert Gate” GATE (or NOT Gate)

 Truth Table

X Y
X 1 0 Y
0 1
1 0

“Invert Gate” GATE (or NOT Gate)

 Timers
•Delay the acceptance of a healthy signal

•Extend recognition of a healthy signal

•Hold a healthy or unhealthy signal for a

period of time
 Delay Timer

X Y
t= 5sec

1 signal starts timer

1
X
0 t
5sec 1
1
Y 0
0
TIME
Output only after 5 seconds delay
5 Second Delay Timer

OFF
Stop

Start
5 Second Delay Timer

OFF
Stop

Start
5 Second Delay Timer

Stop

Start
 Extension Timer

X Y
t= 5sec

1 signal starts timer

1
X
0
t 5sec
1
1 0
Y
0
TIME
Output Continues for 5 seconds
 Double Acting Timer

X Y
t= 5sec

1 signal starts timer

1
X
0
t 5sec t 5sec
1 0 1
Y
0
TIME
Output only after 5 seconds delay Output Continues for 5 seconds
 Pulse Timers

X Y
t=

1
X
0
t
t
1
Y
0
TIME
Output will pulse to either 1 or 0 for the time shown
 Alarms and
Indicators
Signal=1 alarm is off

Emergency Priority Alarm

Signal=1 alarm is off

Locally Mounted panel Alarm

Signal=1 light is on

Local Running Light

 MOS
Maintenance Overide
Switches

31-HI-907 POS
5
1
Maintenance
Overide

Outputs 1 when switch in overide position

Otherwise signal output = signal input

Used for Trip Testing

 OOS
Operational Overide
Switches
30-HI-32 OVERIDE
1
Operational NORMA
Overide L

Outputs 1 when switch in overide position

When in normal position signal output = signal input

Used for Start Ups

 Final Element Boxes
Receiving
Boxes

K-3101
Logical 1

DEB.FEED
TRIP
COMP.

Compressor is RUNNING when signal is 1

 Final Element Boxes
Receiving
Boxes

K-3101

DEB.FEED
Logical 0 TRIP
COMP.

Compressor is Tripped when signal is 0

 Final Element Boxes
Receiving Gas Flow
Boxes

31-XE-105
O
FUEL GAS
0 C TO F-3101

Logical 0 Closes Fuel Gas Valve

No Flow of gas to furnace

 Final Element Boxes
Receiving Gas Flow
Boxes
Logical 1 Opens Fuel Gas Valve

31-XE-105
1 O
FUEL GAS
C TO F-3101

Valve opens and gas flows to Furnace

 Final Element Boxes
Receiving Nitrogen Flow
Boxes

51-XE-113
C
Nitrogen Purge
0 O
Logical 0 Opens Nitrogen Valve
 Final Element Boxes
Receiving Gas Flow
Boxes
Logical 1 Opens Fuel Gas Valve

31-XE-105
1 O
FUEL GAS
C TO F-3101

Valve opens and gas flows to Furnace

 Final Element Boxes
Receiving Nitrogen Flow
Boxes

51-XE-113
C
Nitrogen Purge
0 O
Logical 0 Opens Nitrogen Valve
 Final Element Boxes
Receiving Nitrogen Flow
Boxes
Logical 1 Closes Nitrogen Valve

51-XE-113
1 C
Nitrogen Purge
O
 Final Element Boxes
Receiving Nitrogen Flow
Boxes
Logical 1 Closes Nitrogen Valve

51-XE-113
1 C
Nitrogen Purge
O

Valve closes and Nitrogen flow stops

Summary
Functional logics are used to quickly
and safely
shutdown equipment where a failure
would

Logics are also used to ensure plant is started

safely
using the correct procedure, e.g. start up of
the sulphur

A knowledge of functional logic sheets

provides a useful
tool to better understanding of the
safeguarding

Try working through the logic sheets for

your block
with a colleague, this will help to reinforce
your
The End
Device that performs a simple logic function

X1
Y
X2 >

“OR” GATE
 51-XE-119
O

C
•Functional logic sheets look like a series of boxes
connected to other boxes via signal lines.

•The lines connect inputs, to gates, timers etc, to the

Final Element Box.

•The logical arithmetic is based on the binary system.

This requires that the signals used be either “1”or
"O".
 Healthy

Unhealthy
 Health
y

1
0kg
Health
y
1kg
Unhealth
y
Identifying numbers
and letters
Input
boxes.
Circuits. (trip cards identifies numbers
and letters.)
Alarm
signals
Overrid
es
Gates,(a.) "AND",(b.) “OR”, (c.)
"INVERT"
Timers, "Delay", "Extension",
"Pulse"
Final Element
boxes.