Discrete Fourier Transform

FFT and Its Applications

FFTSHIFT Shift zero-frequency component
to the center of spectrum. For vectors,
FFTSHIFT(X) swaps the left and right
halves of X. For matrices, FFTSHIFT(X)
swaps the first and third quadrants and the
second and fourth quadrants. For N-D
arrays, FFTSHIFT(X) swaps "half-spaces"
of X along each dimension.

Example of 1-D Fourier Transform

fftBox.m Plot Fourier Spectrum

%
% Script file: fftBox.m
% Fourier Spectrum Plot of Box function
%
X1=linspace(0,1,17);
Y1=ones(1,length(X1));
X2=linspace(1,16,241);
Y2=zeros(1,length(X2));
X=[X1 X2]; Y=[Y1 Y2];
W=abs(fftshift(fft(Y)));
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(X,Y,'r'); axis([0 16, 0,1.2]); title('Box function')
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(W,'b-');
title('Fourier Spectrum of Box function')

2-D Discrete Fourier Transform

Example of 2-D FFT Matlab Code

% Script file: fourier.m - 2D Fourier Transform

%
Pictures on P.113 of Gonzalez, Woods, Eddins
m=128; n=128;
f=zeros(m,n);
f(56:71,48:79)=255;
F0=fft2(f);
S0=abs(F0);
Fc=fftshift(fft2(f)); Sc=abs(Fc);
Fd=fft2(fftshift(f)); Sd=log(1+abs(Fc));
subplot(2,2,1)
imshow(f,[])
subplot(2,2,2)
imshow(S0,[])
subplot(2,2,3)
imshow(Sc,[ ])
subplot(2,2,4)
imshow(Sd,[ ])

2-D FFT with CenterShift

2-D FFT on Texture Images

Discrete Cosine Transform

Partition an image into nonoverlapping 8 by
8 blocks, and apply a 2d DCT on each
block to get DC and AC coefficients.
Most of the high frequency coefficients
become insignificant, only the DC term
and some low frequency AC coefficients
are significant.
Fundamental for JPEG Image Compression

Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)

X: a block of 8x8 pixels

A=Q8: 8x8 DCT matrix as
shown above
Y=AXAt

DCT on a 8x8 Block

Quantized DCT Coefficients

Matlab Code for 2d DCT

Q=xlsread('Qtable.xls','A2:H9');
fin=fopen('block8x8.txt','r');
fout=fopen('dctO.txt','w');
fgetl(fin); X=fscanf(fin,'%f',[8,8]); fclose(fin); X=X';
Y=dct2(X-128,[8,8]);
fprintf(fout,'DCT coefficients\n');
for i=1:8
for j=1:8 fprintf(fout,'%6.1f',Y(i,j)); end; fprintf(fout,'\n');
end
Y=Y./Q; % Y=fix(Y+0.5*(Y>0));
for i=1:8
for j=1:8
if (Y(i,j)>0) Y(i,j)=fix(Y(i,j)+0.5); else Y(i,j)=fix(Y(i,j)-0.5); end
end
end
fprintf(fout,'Quantized DCT coefficients\n');
for i=1:8
for j=1:8 fprintf(fout,'%4d',Y(i,j)); end; fprintf(fout,'\n');
end
fclose(fout);

DCT-Based JPEG Conversion

Input image

write to file

huffman encoding

shift 128

DCT

run-length encoding

round

convert 2D matrix to 1D array

quantize with quantize matrix

Standard Quantization Table

run-length encoding

:
-26,-3,0,,-1,-1,0,0,0,0.

JPEG Decoding
image result

shift 128

IDCT

quantize with quantize matrix

read compression file

huffman decoding

run-length decoding

convert 1D array to 2D matrix

CameraMan

()

49.3 KB

468 KB

257 KB

188 KB

-----------------

-----------------

-----------------

-----------------

zip

-----------------

42.5KB
(82.61%)

111KB
(23.72%)

219KB
(85.21%)

137KB
(72.87%)

rar

-----------------

36.6KB
(74.24%)

97.3KB
(20.79%)

164KB
(63.81%)

116KB
(61.7%)

jpg

-----------------

12.9KB
(26.17%)

26.5KB
(5.662%)

62.0KB
(24.12%)

46.6KB
(24.79)

project

-----------------

11.2KB
(22.75%)

9.48KB
(2.024%)

28.1KB
(10.95%)

24.3KB
(12.93%)

Plusplus

lena

boats


500

468

450
400
350

257

300
250
200
150
100
50
0

9.48
49.3
11.2
42.5
36.6
12.9

CameraMan

28.1
219

188

164

111
97.3
26.5

24.3
137
116

62

Plusplus

lena

Original
Project
zip
rar
jpg
46.6

boats