Induced Electric Fields

We know that a changing magnetic flux produces an induced electric current in a conducting loop; the changing magnetic flux creates an electric field which drives electric charges around the conducting loop.

Does a changing magnetic flux create an electric field in empty space, even when no charges are present ?? Yes !!
The fundamental electromagnetic induction effect is that

A changing magnetic flux generates an electric field

The observed induced EMF and current in conductors are basically artifacts of the induce electric field.
As long as the magnetic flux is increasing in time, the electric field as represented by the circular field lines as shown in the right figure, will be present.

Induced Electric Fields

Consider a charged particle q0 moving around the circular path as shown in the figure to the right
The work W done on it in one revolution by the induced electric field is q0 , where is the induced EMF, that is, the work done per unit charge in moving the charge around the path. The work is

W=
where q0 E is the magnitude of the force acting on the charged particle and 2r is the distance over the path . Since EMF is related to work by We find that

More generally, we can re-write the above work equation to give the work done on a particle moving along any closed path.
Substituting for W for q0 , we have

Induced Electric Fields

Substituting for EMF

We can now write Faradays Induction Law in a more fundamental way

It simply says that a changing magnetic field induces an electric field In this form, this equation can be applied to any closed path that can be drawn in a changing magnetic field Does the left side of this equation seem odd for some reason ??

Induced Electric Fields

Induced electric fields are produced not by static charges, but by a changing magnetic flux. Although electric fields produced either way exert forces on charged particles, there is an important difference between them. One obvious difference between them is that the field lines of induced electric fields form closed loops. Field lines produced by static charges never do so, but must start on positive charges and end on negative charges. Moreover, the field originating from electric charges is a conservative field meaning if an electric charge is transported around a closed loop, there is no net work done on the charge, that is,

This basically means that induced electric fields are non-conservative.

Induced Electric Fields

This basically means that induced electric fields are non-conservative.

Consider what happens to charged particle that makes a single journey around the circular path in the figure to the right. When it returns to the starting point, it has gain potential (a EMF). This means the same point could have different values of potential. We must conclude that potential has no meaning inside induced electric fields.

However, if a path starts at some point outside an induced electric field region, enters the region and then ends at some point outside this region, an unique potential value can be assigned to this particular path.

Inductors and Inductance

We recall that a capacitor can be used to produced a desired electric field and the parallel-plate arrangement was used as a basic type of capacitor.
In a similar fashion, an inductor ( symbol ) can be used to produced a desired magnetic field and the we will consider a long solenoid as our basic type of inductor If we send a current i in the windings (or turns) of an inductor (a solenoid), the current produces a magnetic flux through the central region. The inductance of the inductor is then

where N is the number of turns. The windings of the inductor are said to be linked by the shared flux and the product N is called magnetic flux linkage. The inductance is a measure of flux linkage produce by the inductor per unit current i.

Inductors and Inductance

The SI unit of magnetic flux is the tesla square meter, the SI unit of inductance is the tesla square meter per ampere (T m2/A). This unit of inductance is call the Henry.

Now, lets consider a long solenoid of cross-section A. What is the inductance per unit length near its middle ??
1st we must calculate the flux linkage N set up by the current in the solenoid. Consider a length l near the middle of the solenoid. The flux linkage for this section is

N = (nl)(BA)
where n is the number of turns per unit length and B is the magnetic field within the solenoid Recall the relationship magnetic field and current in a solenoid is given by

B = 0 i n

Inductors and Inductance

So we make the following substitutions N = (nl)(BA) B = 0 i n

into the definition of an inductance and we then obtain the relationship

Therefore,the inductance per unit length for a long solenoid near the center is
The inductance like capacitance only depends on the geometry

Note the n2, the B field and flux linkage both explicitly depend the winding density