Reactive Power and

Capacitor Application

Electric Power Market

Increasing Power Demand from 3.560 GW in 2000 to 5.700 GW in 2020 Strong Environmental Constraints Limitation for Power Plant Expansions Natural Energy Resources far away from Load Centers Severe Right of Way Constraints

Capacitor features
Short-circuit for AC Interruption for DC Store Energy Produce Reactive Power

Capacitor principle
U+

A dxw
h

A C h Q U C
2

w U-

Reactive power loads

Motors Fluorescent lamps Transformers Rolling mills Arc furnaces

Why reactive power compensation?

Process industry

Utility

Electricity is the commodity Voltage Transmission capability (rate of efficiency)

Electricity is a production cost Power Factor Power Quality (rate of efficiency)

Capacitors in the network

Transmission
SC SVC

Distribution
QBANK SVC SC

Industry
Load SVC CHARM
SC = Series Compensation SVC = Static Var Compensation QBANK = Shunt capacitor CHARM = Harmonic filter

Power factor correction

Q
M

Qc

P1 P2 P

M M

Definitions

Bank

Unit

Element

HV Capacitor Bank
Shunt Capacitor Bank
Improves the Power Factor in the Network Reduces the Network Losses Counteracts Voltage Drops and Improves Voltage Stability

Harmonic Filter
Harmonic Filters
Reduces the Harmonic Content in the Network Improves the Power Factor and Reduces the Network Losses Band-pass, High-pass or C-type Filters

Series Compensation
Inserting a capacitive reactance in series with a long (typically more than 200km) transmission line, reduces both the angular deviation and the voltage drop, resulting in increased loadability and stability. Fixed Series Compensation is since long the preferred solution when vast bulk transmission corridors shall be optimized.

Why Series Compensation?

RIGHT OF WAY PROBLEM
RISING COST OF NEW LINES BETTER UTILIZATION OF EXISTING TRANSMISSION LINE AUTOMATIC CAPACITIVE VAR REGULATION OF SYSTEM DAMPING OF OSCILLATIONS

IMPROVED DYNAMIC SYSTEM STABILITY

Power Transfer Capability & Stability

P= U1U2Sin XL

Or P U1U2 Or P 1/ XL Where U1 = Sending end Voltage. U2 = Receiving end Voltage XL = Series Inductive Reactance of Transmission line = Phasor angle by which U1 leads U2 POWER LOADING ON LINE CAN BE ENHANCED: 1. By Raising U1, 2. By Raising U2 3. By raising 4. By reducing XL.

SLD of FSC
Line

Bypass Circuit Breaker

Fixed Capacitor Bank

MOV

Spark Gap

Damping Circuit

CAPACITOR BANK ON PLATFORM

VIEW OF PLATFORM

VIEW OF PLATFORM

Thank You