Dr.

Alvin Fox

Key Words
Prokaryotic Eubacteria (Bacteria) Archaebacteria (Archaea) Eukaryotic Plasmid Chromosome Ribosome Peptidoglycan (murein, mucopeptide) Gram stain Gram negative Gram positive Cell envelope Cell membrane Cell wall Outer membrane Periplasmic space Oxidative phosphorylation Spheroplast/protoplast Flagella Chemotaxis Axial filament Periplasmic binding protein Permeases Storage Granules Pili (fimbriae) Capsule (slime layer, glycocalyx) Endospore (spore)
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EUKARYOTES
PROKARYOTES

BACTERIA ARCHAEA
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Prokaryotes (Bacteria)
Eubacter "True" bacteria
human pathogens clinical or environmental one kingdom

Archaea
Environmental organisms second kingdom
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Eukaryotes
Other cell-based life e.g. plants animals fungi

Prokaryotic Cell (versus Eukaryotic Cell)

Not compartmentalized Cell membranes lack sterols (e.g. cholesterol) Single circular chromosome Ribosomes
- 70S

- subunits
30S (16S rRNA) 50S (5S & 23S rRNA)

Bacteria versus Archaebacteria

Eubacteria peptidoglycan (murein) muramic acid
Archaebacteria pseudomurein no muramic acid

Bacteria versus Archaebacteria

16S rRNA
sequence different

Eukaryotic cell
(e.g. animal)
Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus

Prokaryotic cell Gram + Flagellum

Nucleoid Cell wall

Cell membrane

Gram Pili

Granule

Cytoplasm
Mitochondria

Capsule Cell (inner) membrane Outer membrane 9 Ribosomes Cell wall

 Plasmids

Bacteria

Extra-chromosomal DNA
multiple copy number coding - pathogenesis factors
- antibiotic resistance factors

bacterial replication

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The Cell Envelope

Gram Positive

Gram Negative

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Oxidative phosphorylation occurs at cell membrane (since there are no mitochondria).

Cell Wall

Cytoplasm

Cell membrane

The cell wall is outside of cell membrane rigid, protecting cell from osmotic lysis.

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GRAM POSITIVE
Lipoteichoic acid Peptidoglycan-teichoic acid

Cytoplasmic membrane

Cytoplasm

GRAM NEGATIVE
Porin

Lipopolysaccharide

Outer Membrane

Braun lipoprotein

Inner (cytoplasmic) membrane

Cytoplasm

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Outer Membrane

Gram negative bacteria major permeability barrier space between inner and outer membrane periplasmic space store degradative enzymes Gram positive bacteria no periplasmic space
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GRAM NEGATIVE CELL ENVELOPE

Outer Membrane (Major permeability barrier)
Porin Lipopolysaccharide

Braun lipoprotein

Degradative enzyme

Inner (cytoplasmic) membrane

Periplasmic binding protein

Permease

Cytoplasm

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GRAM POSITIVE CELL ENVELOPE

Degradative enzyme

Lipoteichoic acid

Peptidoglycan-teichoic acid

Cytoplasmic membrane

Cytoplasm

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FLAGELLA
Some bacteria are motile Locomotory organelles- flagella Taste environment Respond to food/poison chemotaxis
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 Flagella embedded in cell membrane project as strand Flagellin (protein) subunits move cell by propeller like action

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Axial filaments
spirochetes similar function to flagella run lengthwise along cell snake-like movement

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Making Wall-less Forms

Result from action of: enzymes lytic for cell wall antibiotics inhibiting peptidoglycan biosynthesis Usually non-viable Wall-less bacteria that dont replicate: spheroplasts (with outer membrane) protoplasts (no outer membrane). Wall-less bacteria that replicate L forms
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Naturally Wall-less Genus

Mycoplasma

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Pili (fimbriae)
hair-like projections of the cell sexual conjugation adhesion to host epithelium

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Capsules and slime layers

outside cell envelope well defined: capsule not defined: slime layer or glycocalyx usually polysaccharide often lost during in vitro culture protective in vivo

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Endospores (spores)
Dormant cell Produced when starved Resistant to adverse conditions - high temperatures - organic solvents contain calcium dipicolinate Bacillus and Clostridium
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