Definition of Eurocodes History of Eurocodes The importance of Eurocodes Benefits of Eurocodes Scope of structural Eurocodes

A set of harmonized technical rules for the design of construction works developed for EU countries Must be used in conjunction with national annexes. National annexes: contain parameters for national choices to be used for the design to be constructed in the country concerned

Lower trade barriers, allow contractors and consultants between member states to compete fairly for work within Europe No more updates for BS 5950 Eurocode 3 fulfill ISO Standards Opportunity to develop and utilised local values in National Annex

Will help to harmonise the services in the construction sector Will encourage and facilitate the marketing and use of materials, structural components and kits By instituting a common design framework, Eurocodes will enhance and be a common basis for research and development in civil engineering Greater transparency in design methods will ease communication between designers, authorities and clients

The competitiveness of the European civil engineering firms, contractors, designers and product manufacturers in their worldwide activities will be increased Common design aids and software will be prepared and used Will lead to a more uniform level of constructions safety in the different European regions

Scope Structural Safety, Serviceability And Durability Actions On Structures Design And Detailing

Eurocode EN 1990 EC

Subject Basic of structural design

EN 1991 EN 1992 EN 1993 EN 1994 EN 1995 EN 1996

EC 1 EC 2 EC 3 EC 4 EC 5 EC 6 EC 7

Actions on structures Design of concrete structures Design of steel structures Design of composite Structures Design of timber structures Design of masonry structures Geotechnical design

Geotechnical and Seismic Design

EN 1997

EN 1998

EC 8

Design of structures for earthquake resistance

Design of aluminium structures

EN 1999

EC 9

Eurocode 3

Subject

Parts General rules and rules for building

EN 1993 - 1 Design of steel structures

EN 1993 - 2 Design of steel structures Steel bridges EN 1993 - 3 Design of steel structures Towers, masts and chimneys EN 1993 - 4 Design of steel structures Silos, tanks and pipelines EN 1993 - 5 Design of steel structures Piling EN 1993 - 6 Design of steel structures Crane supporting structures
Tab 1.1.6a : Parts in EC 3

Eurocode 3 EN 1993 -1 - 1 EN 1993 -1 - 2 EN 1993 -1 - 3 EN 1993-1 -4 EN 1993 -1 - 5 EN 1993 -1 - 6 EN 1993 -1 - 7 EN 1993 -1 - 8 EN 1993 -1 - 9 EN 1993 -1 - 10

Subject Design of steel structures Design of steel structures Design of steel structures Design of steel structures Design of steel structures Design of steel structures Design of steel structures Design of steel structures Design of steel structures Design of steel structures Design of steel structures Design of steel structures

Parts General rules and rules for building Structural fire design Cold - formed thin gauge members and sheeting Stainless steels Plated structural elements Strength and stability of shell structures Strength and stability of planar platted structures transversely loaded Design of joints Fatigue strength of steel structures Selection of steel for fracture toughness and through-thickness properties Design of structures with tension components made of steel Supplementary rules for high strength steel

EN 1993 -1 - 11 EN 1993 -1 - 12

Table 1.1.6b illustrate the sub-part in EN 1993 -1 " General rules and rules for building".

Section Section 1 Section 2 EN 1993 - 1 - 1 Section 3 Section 4 General rules Section 5 and rules for building Section 6 Section 7

Eurocode 3

Subjects General Basic of design Materials Durability Structural analysis Ultimate limit states Serviceability limit states

Tab 1.1.6c : Section in EN 1993 -1-1

General items Requirements needed Principles of limit state design Basic variables Structural analysis and design by testing Verification by the partial factor method ACTIONS

A structure shall be designed and executed in such a way that it will, during intended design working life (Tab 1.2.2a), with appropriate degrees of reliability and in an economical way sustain all actions and influences likely to occur during execution and use and remain fit for the use for which it is required. Basic requirement in Section 2 of EN1990 state that a structure shall be designed to have adequate structural resistance, serviceability, durability (material deterioration, corrosion or fatigue), fire resistance (for required period of time) and robustness.

Categories 1

Indicator (years) 10

Examples Temporary structures (other than can be dismantle or reuse) Replaceable structural parts (gantry girders and bearings) Agricultural structures Building and other common structures Monumental building structures, bridges and other civil engineering structures

2 3 4

10 - 25 15 - 30 50

100

Tab 1.2.2a : Indicative Design Working Life

All relevant design situations must be examined according to :

persistent design situations : normal use

transient design situation : temporary

condition (during construction or repair accidental design situations : exceptional conditions such as fire, explosion or impact seismic design situations : structure is subjected to seismic events

Ultimate limit states

associated with

Serviceability limit states

correspond to

collapse or with other similar forms of structural failure Stability: overturning (equilibrium) Strength: including local and overall buckling effects where appropriate

conditions beyond which specified service requirements for a structure or structural member are no longer met deflection and vibration.

permanent actions (G), e.g. self-weight of structures, fixed equipment and road surfacing, and indirect actions caused by shrinkage and uneven settlements variable actions (Q), e.g. imposed loads on building floors, beams and roofs, wind actions or snow loads accidental actions (A), e.g. explosions, or impact from vehicles

Material properties and geometrical data are needed to calculate the design resistance of structural crosssections and members, Rd which is the component of characteristics design Rk and partial factor for material

EN 1991-1-1 gives design guidance and actions for the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works, including the following aspects:
densities of construction materials and stored

materials self-weight of construction elements imposed loads for buildings

EC l BS EN 1991 -1-1 BS EN 1991-1-2 BS EN 1991-1-3 BS EN 1991-1-4 BS EN 1991-1-5 BS EN 1991-1-6 BS EN 1991-1-7 BS EN 1991-2

Title densities, self weight, imposed loads Actions on structures exposed fire Snow actions

Standard superseded BS 6399 : Part 1 and BS 648

BS 6399: Part 2

Wind actions BS 6399 = Part 3 Thermal actions Actions during execution Accidental actions Traffic loads on bridges BD 37/01/BS 5400 Part 2

BS EN 1991-3
BS EN 1991-4

Actions induced by cranes and machinery Silos and tanks

Tab 1.2.2a : Indicative Design Working Life

The nominal values of the yield strength, fy and ultimate strength, fu for hot rolled and square hollow section are as illustrated in Table 3.1 EN 1993-1-1. There are 3 nominal grades of steel (EN 10 025):
Fe 360 nominal strength =235 N/mm2 Fe 430 nominal strength =275 N/mm2 Fe 510 nominal strength =355 N/mm2

for actions (loading)

for resistance

Gamma Factors M M0 M1 M2

EC Value

Application

1.00 1.00 1.25

Cross -section Member buckling Fracture

Partial safety factors are applied to characteristic values to obtain design values Suffices k and d are used to signify characteristic and design values respectively ULS
Load combinations can be simplified as:
1,35 Gk + 1,5 Qk where Qk is the dominant imposed load,

and 1,35 Gk + 1,35Qk where there are more than one imposed loads Where loads have a beneficial effect: 0.9 Gk

SLS
Load combinations can be simplified as: 1,0 Gk + 1,0 Qk where Qk is the dominant imposed load,

and 1,0 Gk + 0,9 Qk where there are more than one imposed loads

Analyse using appropriate methods and accounting for variability to determine:

Design effects {E}, and

Design resistance {R}

Ensure no limit state is exceeded {R> E}

modulus elasticity, E = 210 kN/mm2 shear modulus, G = E / 2(1 + v) = 81 000 N/mm2 poisson's ratio in elastic stage, v = 0.3 coefficient of linear thermal expansion, a = 12 x 10-6 per K (for T < 100C)

ELEMENT DESIGN

CROSS SECTION RESISTANCE

BUCKLING RESISTANCE

Bending, Shear & Axial Load CL 6.2.6 Shear CL 6.2.6

Compression CL 6.2.4

Bending

CL 6.2.5

CROSS SECTION RESISTANCE

Tension

CL 6.2.3

Bending & Axial Load CL 6.2.6 Bending & Shear CL6.2.8

Torsion CL 6.2.7

BUCKLING RESISTANCE

Bending & Axial Compression CL 6.3.3

-Flexural -Torsional -Flexural-torsional

-lateral torsional -buckling

Class 1 - able to perform plastic hinge with rotation capacity which required by plastic analysis without reduction of the resistance

Class 2 - able to develop their plastic moment resistance - but limited rotation capacity because of local buckling

Classification of Cross-section (CL. 5.5 EN 19931-1)

Class 3 - elastically calculated stress in the extreme compression fibre of the steel member - assuming elastic distribution of stress can reach the yield strength - but local buckling is liable to prevent development of plastic moment resistance

Class4 - local buckling will occur before the attainment of yield stress - in one or more parts of the cross section