Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Genetic Influences
Human genotype
Sex Chromosomes
Y chromosome
X chromosome
Sex-Linked Traits
Examples
Sex-Limited Traits
Chromosomal Variations
Sexual Differentiation
Sex hormones
Produced by ovaries, testes, adrenal glands Androgens (primarily testosterone) Estrogen Progesterone
Week 7
Weeks 8-12
Week 12
Primordial germ cells migrate to form gonadal ridge Mllerian ducts and Wollfian ducts form Mllerian ducts atrophy due to MIS, testes differentiate from Wollfian ducts,begin secreting testosterone Brain differentiation, clitoris Brain differentiation, penis and vagina form and scrotum form
Brain Structure
Third interstitial nucleus of anterior hypothalamus (INAH3) Sexually dimorphic nucleus of preoptic area of hypothalamus (SDN-POA) Corpus callosum
Gender-Role Behavior
Many studies conducted with children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
Boys engage in less rough-and-tumble play Girls prefer boys as playmates, choose boy toys
Similar influences found for elevated maternal testosterone level Children with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome typically female
Gender Identity
Critical period hypothesis based on John/Joan case Studies of girls with CAH suggest gender identity less likely to be influenced than gender role behaviors Girls with CAIS typically have female gender identitygirls with PAIS more variable
Boys (n=6)
Girls (n=5)
Refusal (n=1)
Unclear (n=2)
Boys (n=2)
Women with CAH less likely to be exclusively heterosexual (no effect on men) Women exposed to DES (androgenization effect) also less likely to be exclusively heterosexual (no effect on men) Same results not found among women with CAIS Androgenization hypothesis shows strongest support among women
Family and twin studies show consistent effect for men Sibling concordance 7-10% for men, 3-4% for women Gender nonconformity seems to be established in early childhood Current studies consider marker on X chromosome to be related to male sexual orientation
Handedness
Birth order
Click-evoked otoacoustic emissions (CEOAE) and Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAE) of the inner ear