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II MBBS
Dr Ekta Chourasia Lecturer, Microbiology
Learning Objectives
After completing this section you should be able to perform the following objectives:
Define a prokaryotic cell and list the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell Describe the structure of a bacterial cell and explain the function of its components Explain why cell wall forms the basis for classification of bacteria Explain the structural modifications (flagella) of the cell and their functional importance
Dr Ekta Chourasia
07.09.08
Introduction:
Microorganisms several classes of living beings Based on the organization of their cellular structures, all living cells can be divided into two groups: eukaryotic and prokaryotic
Eukaryotic cell types - Animals, plants, fungi, protozoans, and algae Prokaryotic cell types - bacteria & blue green algae
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Schematic of typical animal (eukaryotic) cell, showing subcellular components. Organelles: (1) nucleolus (2) nucleus (3) ribosome (4) vesicle (5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (6) Golgi apparatus (7) Cytoskeleton (8) smooth ER (9) mitochondria (10) vacuole (11) cytoplasm (12) lysosome (13) centrioles
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Dr Ekta Chourasia
Prokaryotic Cells
much smaller (microns) and more simple than eukaryotes prokaryotes are molecules surrounded by a membrane and cell wall. they lack a true nucleus and dont have membrane bound organelles like mitochondria, etc.
large surface-to-volume ratio : nutrients can easily and rapidly reach any part of the cells interior
Dr Ekta Chourasia
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Size of Bacteria
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Shape of Bacteria
Cocci spherical/ oval shaped major groups Bacilli rod shaped Vibrios comma shaped Spirilla rigid spiral forms Spirochetes flexible spiral forms Actinomycetes branching filamentous bacteria Mycoplasmas lack cell wall
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Dr Ekta Chourasia
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Dr Ekta Chourasia
Comma shaped
Spirilla
Spirochetes
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2.
Rigid cell wall Cytoplasmic (Cell/ Plasma) membrane present beneath cell wall
Cytoplasm cytoplasmic inclusions, ribosomes, mesosomes and nucleus Additional structures plasmid, slime layer, capsule, flagella, fimbriae (pili), spores
Dr Ekta Chourasia
07.09.08
CELL WALL
2.
3.
Composed of complex polysaccharides (peptidoglycan/ mucopeptide) - formed by N acetyl glucosamine (NAG) & N acetyl muramic acid (NAM) alternating in chains, held by peptide chains.
Dr Ekta Chourasia
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Cell Wall
Cell wall
4.
Carries bacterial antigens important in virulence & immunity Chemical nature of the cell wall helps to divide bacteria into two broad groups Gram positive & Gram negative Gram +ve bacteria have simpler chemical nature than Gram ve bacteria. Several antibiotics may interfere with cell wall synthesis e.g. Penicillin, Cephalosporins
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5.
6.
7.
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The Gram-positive cell wall is composed of a thick, multilayered peptidoglycan sheath outside of the cytoplasmic membrane. Teichoic acids are linked to and embedded in the peptidoglycan, and lipoteichoic acids extend into the cytoplasmic membrane
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The Gram-negative cell wall is composed of an outer membrane linked to thin, mainly single-layered peptidoglycan by lipoproteins. The peptidoglycan is located within the periplasmic space that is created between the outer and inner membranes. The outer membrane includes porins, which allow the passage of small hydrophilic molecules across the membrane, and lipopolysaccharide molecules that extend into extracellular space.
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Cell Wall
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Summary of the differences between Gram positive & Gram negative bacteria
Property of bacteria Thickness of wall Number of layers in wall Peptidoglycan content Teichoic acid in wall Lipid & lipoprotein content Protein content Gram Positive 20-80 nm 1 >50% + 0-3% 0% Gram Negative 10 nm 2 10-20% 58% 9%
Lipopolysaccharide
Sensitive to penicillin Digested by lysozyme
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0
Yes Yes
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13%
Less sensitive Weakly
Thin layer 5-10 nm, separates cell wall from cytoplasm Acts as a semipermeable membrane: controls the inflow and outflow of metabolites Composed of lipoproteins with small amounts of carbohydrates
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Mesosomes
1. 2.
3.
4.
Multilaminated structures formed as invaginations of plasma membrane Principal sites of respiratory enzymes Coordinate nuclear & cytoplasmic division during binary fission More prominent in Gram +ve bacteria
Intracytoplasmic inclusions reserve of energy & phosphate for cell metabolism e.g. Metachromatic granules in diphtheria bacilli
Dr Ekta Chourasia
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Nucleus
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Additional Organelles
1.
Plasmid
Extranuclear genetic elements consisting of DNA Transmitted to daughter cells during binary fission
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Additional Organelles
2.
a)
Protects bacteria from lytic enzymes Inhibits phagocytosis Stained by negative staining using India Ink Can be demonstrated by Quellung reaction (capsule swelling reaction)
b)
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Additional Organelles
3.
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Dr Ekta Chourasia
Additional Organelles
4.
Fimbriae/ Pili
Thin, hairlike appendages on the surface of many Gramnegative bacteria 10-20 long, acts as organs of adhesion (attachment) allowing bacteria to colonize environmental surfaces or cells and resist flushing
Made up of proteins called pilins. Pili can be of two types Common pili short & abundant Sex pili - small number (one to six), very long pili, helps in conjugation (process of transfer of DNA)
http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/prostruct/yespili.html
http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/prostruct/nopili.html
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Additional Organelles
5.
Spores
Highly resistant resting stages formed during adverse environment (depletion of nutrients) Formed inside the parent cell, hence called Endospores Very resistant to heat, radiation and drying and can remain dormant for hundreds of years. Formed by bacteria like Clostridia, bacillus
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At the beginning of spore formation, a septum forms, separating the nascent spore from the rest of the cell and all of the genetic material of the cell is copied into the newlyforming cell. The spore contents are dehydrated and the protective outer coatings are laid down. Once the spore is matured it is released from the cell. On germination, the spore contents rehydrate and a new bacterium emerges and multiplies. http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/prostruct/sporeform_an.html http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/prostruct/sporegerm_an.html
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Dr Ekta Chourasia
Dr Ekta Chourasia
Pleomorphism great variation in shape & size of individual cells e.g. Proteus species Involution forms swollen & aberrant forms in ageing cultures, especially in the presence of high salt concentration e.g. plague bacillus Cause defective cell wall synthesis
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Cytoplasmic Structure and fluid phospholipid membrane Composition bilayer, lacks sterols Function Incapable of endocytosis (phagocytosis and pinocytosis) and exocytosis
Lysosomes
Golgi apparatus Endoplasmic reticulum Vacuoles Ribosomes
Absent
Absent Absent Absent 70 S
Present
Present Present Present 80 S
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Prokaryotes Present
Eukaryotes Animals & Protozoans Absent Plants, Fungi & Algae Present Cellulose or chitin
Composition
Locomotor organelles
Flagella/ Cilia
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Bacterial Taxonomy
1.
2.
3.
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Tribe
Phylogenetic classification represents a branching tree like arrangement. One characteristic being used for division at each branch or level Molecular or Genetic classification based on the degree of genetic relatedness of different organisms
Intraspecies classification based on biochemical properties (biotypes), antigenic features (serotypes), bacteriophage susceptibility (phage types)
Dr Ekta Chourasia
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Casual / common name for local use, varies from country to country e.g. typhoid bacillus
Scientific / International Name same all over world, consists of two words (in Italics) e.g. Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus
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Dr Ekta Chourasia