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CONCEPTS OF DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT
Everett M. Rogers defines development as a widely participatory process of social change in a society, intended to bring about both social and material advancement (including greater equity, freedom and other valued qualities) for the majority of the people through their gaining greater control over their environment.
Development
The Passing of Traditional SocietyModernizing the Middle-East in 1958 and Toward a Communication Theory of Modernization in 1963 by Daniel Lerner and the two major works of Wilbur Schramm (Communication Development and Development-1963/ Mass Media for National Development-1964) became major influence in modernising the world
Development Communication
Development communication is the integration of strategic communication in development projects. Strategic communication is a powerful tool that can improve the chances of success of development projects. It strives for behavior change not just information dissemination, education, or awareness-raising. While the latter are necessary ingredients of communication, they are not sufficient for getting people to change long-established practices or behaviors World Bank
Development Communication
Development communication is a process by which an idea is transferred from a source to a receiver with the intent to change his behaviour. Usually the source wants to alter the receivers knowledge of some idea, create or change his attitude toward the idea or persuade him to adopt the idea as part of his regular behaviour E.M. Rogers
Development Communication
Development Communication commonly refers to the application of Communication strategies and principles in the developing world. Development Communication is to raise the quality of life of populations, including increase income and well-being, eradicate social injustice, promote land reform and freedom of speech and establish community centres for leisure & Entertainment. E.M. Rogers in Communication and Development
Modernisation Paradigm
Some of the characteristics of modernisation paradigm are: Development is spontaneous, unilinear and irreversible process inherent in every single society Development implies structural differentiation and functional specialisation The process of development can be divided into distinct stages showing the level of development achieved by each society Development can be stimulated by external, endogenous factors and by internal measures that support modern sectors and modernise traditional sectors.
Modernisation Paradigm
In modernization theory, the terms modernization and development have been used interchangeably to refer to a wide variety of social, political, economic, and cultural changes, for example, westernization, industrialization, rationalization, individualization, economic growth, democratization, cultural and social differentiation, bureaucratization, secularization, and the like.
Modernisation Paradigm
This modernisation theory suggested that cultural and Information deficits lie underneath development problems and therefore could not be resolved only to economic assistance. In the Third World countries, the presence of traditional culture was considered to be inhibiting development. In this period, personalities determined social structure. Traditional personalities, characterised by authoritarianism, low self-esteem, and resistance to innovation, were diametrically different from modern personalities and, consequently, antidevelopment Waisboard in Methodologies and Strategies of Development Communication
Development in India
After the independence in 1947 the state played an important role in accelerating the development of capitalism in India. Industrial production grew at a rapid pace, as did total productive capital in large-scale industries. The growth in the fast in two decades following independence led to a steady increase in the share of industry in the gross domestic product in subsequent decades such that while the agricultural sector declined from 51.2% of the GDP in 1950 to 33.2% of the GDP in 1985, the industrial sector grew from 21 percent of the GDP of over 36 percent during the same period-thus surpassing agricultural production by the mid 1980s.
Development in India
By the early 1960s, the top 75 monopolies, owning less than 6% of non-government, non-banking companies, came to possess 47 percent of the latter's total assets. By the late 1980s, industrial production in India reached new heights when public sector investments of goodsproducing enterprises (including steel, mineral and metals, coal, power, petroleum, chemicals, transportation equipment, textiles and consumer goods) rose to Rs. 46,476.28 crore in 1987, an amount accounting for over 75 percent of total public sector investments that year.
Development in India
The number of wage earners in India doubled between 1951 and 1971 reaching more than 30 million, to over 45 million workers by the mid-1980s. The number of workers in industry grew from 5.9 million in 1951 to 10.8 million in 1961 to over 21 million in 1981.
Development in India
According to the World Development Indicator Data Base of April, 2007, the GDP of India in 2005 was $805.7 billion while the foreign direct investment in India is only $6.6 billion and the annual GDP growth rate has exceeded 9.1%
Development in India
agriculture had grown by 2.3% on average in the last three years against a target of 4%. Some two thirds of Indians make a living from agriculture. Defence spending for the next year is to rise from 890bn rupees ($20bn; 10bn) to 960bn rupees. India's 1.3 million-strong armed forces is the fourth largest in the world. With a present growth rate of 11.3%, manufacturing has become the "main driver of growth". The services sector has grown from over 9% three years ago to 11.2% today. India's savings rate was 32%, while the per capita income grew by 7.5% during the last fiscal year.
Development in India
India has maintained electoral democracy, not only holding free and fair elections for the nations government, but now over 3 million people hold elective office in its local governments. The specter of famines has been banished, absolute poverty cut by more than half, illiteracy dramatically reduced, health conditions vastly improved. India has become, in purchasing power parity terms, the fourth largest economy in the world.
Development in India
India, which is now the fourth largest economy in terms of purchasing power parity, will overtake Japan and become third major economic power within 10 years. According to some experts, the share of the US in world GDP is expected to fall (from 21 per cent to 18 per cent) and that of India to rise (from 6 per cent to 11 per cent in 2025), and hence the latter will emerge as the third pole in the global economy after the US and China. By 2025 the Indian economy is projected to be about 60 per cent the size of the US economy.
Development in India
Indias 11th Five-Year Plan (FY20072011) envisages a new growth paradigm that will be much more broadbased and inclusive, bringing about a faster reduction in poverty. The plan focuses on reviving agriculture, raising investment in infrastructure, and improving skills. It targets average GDP growth at 9%. The percentage of people living in poverty has fallen to 27.8% in 2005 from 28.6% in 2000. After growing 9% in fiscal year (FY) 2005, gross domestic product (GDP) is set to grow 9.2% in 2006, and show average growth of 7.6% in the 5 years through FY2006 (FY20022006)
Developing Agriculture
Asian Development Banks flagship annual economic publication, Asian Development Outlook (ADO), says: A key long-term structural challenge in India is sluggish agricultural performance, In addition to contributing substantially to inflation through rising food prices, shortcomings in the agricultural sector are a key driver of poverty and underemployment
Developing Agriculture
While looking at some of the agricultural products, one finds that India is the largest producer of Tea, jute and jute like fibre. India is not only the largest producer but also largest consumer of tea in the world. India has also the privilege of having the 1st rank in total irrigated land in area terms in the world. Among cereals production, India is placed third, having second largest production in wheat and rice and the largest production in pulses
Developing Agriculture
The report also emphasises that while agriculture and related activities employ around 60% of Indias labour force, they only make up 18.5% of GDP. As a result, there is pressure to transfer land to higher productivity industry and other economic sectors. Such transfers, which have displaced agricultural workers, have led to social unrest
Developing Agriculture
manufacturing has generated jobs for many of the less educated who are squeezed out of agriculture. The challenge, therefore, is to simultaneously boost agricultural productivity, while creating enough non-agricultural opportunities that are suited to those displaced, many of whom have very low education levels
Industrialisation
'It is only through rapid industrialisation that we can find meaningful solution to the problem of mass unemployment, underdevelopment. Industrialisation ought to be a win-win process for social transformation and economic development. A developing country like ours just cannot afford to view industrialisation as a negative phenomenon Dr. Manmohan Singh
Industrialisation
Today Indian companies are going global, becoming multinationals. The process may yet be incipient, but the change is visible and here to stay. Since the per capita availability of land is less than 1.5 hectares, there are severe limitations to expanding employment opportunities in agriculture on a large scale. Therefore, we have to find ways and means to accelerate the process of industrialisation and also to ensure that this process is sufficiently labour intensive. Textile industry is the largest industry in terms of employment economy from the current US $37 billion to $ 85 billion by 2010 creation of 12 million new jobs in the textile sector and modernization & consolidation for creating a globally competitive textile industry.
Service Sectors
Service sector has maintained a steady growth pattern since 96-97, except into a fall in 200001. Trade hotels, transport & communications have witnessed the highest growth of level 10.9% in 2004, followed by financial services (With a overall growth rate of (6.4) % and community, social & personal services (5.9)% of all the three sectors, services have been the highest contributor to total GDP growth rate
Service Sectors
IT enabled services, such as Business Process Outsourcing have been growing rapidly in the recent past and will continue to rise. India's large number of English speaking skilled manpower has made India a major exporter of software services and software workers. In 1999-2000 the Indian IT industry was estimate to have earned a revenue of Rs. 37,080 crore or US$8.67 billion a growth of almost 50% as compared to Rs. 24,781 crore (US$6.05 billion) in 1998-99.
Service Sector
Yet, while India has changed dramatically - with a rising consumer economy attracting everyone from Dell to Honda to Starbucks - a growing number of foreign diplomats, Indian academics, and businesses warn that the booming growth will fizzle unless India acts soon to spread the benefits to a wider population and boost investment in roads and airports, electricity and water, and basic education