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Powder
A dry substance composed of finely divided particles A type of pharmaceutical preparation A medicated powder intended for internal or external use.
DESCRIPTIVE TERMS
All particles pass through (No. 8) sieve and not more than 20 % pass through a No. 6 sieve
All particles pass through (No. 20) sieve and not more than 40 % pass through a No. 60 sieve
All particles pass through (No. 40) sieve and not more than 40 % pass through a No. 80 sieve
All particles pass through (No. 60) sieve and not more than 40 % pass through a No. 100 sieve
All particles pass through (No. 80) sieve. There is no limit to greater fineness.
SIEVES
Made of wire cloth woven from brass, bronze and other suitable wire. Not coated or
PARTICLE SIZE INFLUENCES ON VARIETY OF FACTORS: Dissolution rate of particles intended to dissolve
(smaller: increases rate of distribution and its bioavailability) Suspendability intended to remain undissolved but uniformly dispersed in a liquid vehicle (fine dispersions: .5-10mcg) Uniform distribution of a drug substance in a powder mixture or solid dosage form ensures DOSE TO DOSE CONTENT UNIFORMITY Penetrability (to be inhaled for deposition deep in the respiratory tract Lack of Grittness of solid particles in semi-solid
Comminution of Drugs
SMALL SCALE
Example: pharmacist reduced the size of a drug by grinding with a mortar and pestle (porcelain is better than glass mortar due to its ROUGH SURFACE)
LARGE SCALE:
Mills and pulverizers are used. Example of machine: FITZMILL COMMINUTING MACHINE WITH A PRODUCT CONTAINMENT SYSTEM. It is grinded rapidly into a moving blades in the comminuting chamber, particles are reduced in size and it is passed through a
LEVIGATION
for small scale preparation of ointments and suspensions to reduce the particle size and grittiness of the added powders
Mineral oil and glycerin are commonly used as levigating agents (added to the powder
BLENDING POWDERS
When two or more powdered substances are to be combined to form a uniform mixture, it is best to reduce the particle size of each powder individually before weighing and blending.
Spatulation
blending small amounts of powders by movement of a spatula through them on a sheet of paper or an ointment tile. Not suitable for large quantities
Trituration
glass mortar is usually preferred if there is no special need for comminution.
Geometric Dilution
the blending of a small amount of potent substance with a large amount of diluent. It ensures uniform distribution of the potent drug.
Sifting
mixed by passing them through sifters. This results to a light and fluffy product. Not acceptable for the incorporation of potent drugs into a diluent
Tumbling
tumbling the powder in a rotating chamber. Thorough but time consuming. This is widely employed in the industry
Segregation
undesirable separation of the different components of the blend.
It may occur through sifting or percolation, air entrapment (fluidization) and particle entrapment (dusting).
can be use internally or externally Powders taken orally for systemic use may be expected to result in faster rates of dissolution and absorption than solid dosage forms, because there is an immediate contact with the gastric
MEDICATED POWDERS
AEROSOL POWDERS
Administered by inhalation with the aid of dry-powder inhalers, which deliver micronized particles of medication in metered quantities. Prepared in 1 to 6mcg in diameter Contain inert propellants and pharmaceutical diluents such as CRYSTALLINE ALPHA-LACTOSE MONOHYDRATE to aid the formulations flow properties and metering uniformity
BULK POWDERS
Limited to non-potent substances Examples: ANTACIDS (NaHCO3) LAXATIVES (Psyllium) DOUCHE POWDERS (Massengill powder) Topical Anti- Infectives (Bacitracin zinc etc) Anti-fungals (tolnaftate) Nutritional supplements (brewers yeast
DIVIDED POWDERS
Division into individual dosing units based on the amount to be take or used at a single time POWDER paper latin word chartula abbrev: chart Placed on a small piece of paper that is folded to enclose the medication.
Waxed Paper - If the powder is hygrosgopic or deliquescent Bond Paper - For aesthetic appeal Vegetable parchment and glassine limited barrier against moisture is necessary Glassine or waxed paper containing volatile components White bond paper containing neither volatile components or moisture
It should fit snugly in the box, have uniform folds and be uniform in length and height. There should be NO powder in the folds None should escape with moderate agitation
GRANULES
prepared agglomerates of similar particles of powder most of the time irregularly shaped but may be prepared to be spherical usually 4- to 12-mesh sieve size range
WET METHOD
Moisten the powder of powder mixture and then pass the resulting paste through a screen of the mesh size to produce the desired size of granules. The granules are placed on drying trays and are dried by air or under heat. It is periodically moved
FLUID BED PROCESSING particles are placed in a conical piece of equipment and are vigorously dispersed and suspended while a liquid excipient is sprayed on the particles and the product dried, forming granules or
SLUGGING - the compression of a powder mixture into large tablets or slugs on a compressing machine under 8000 to 12000 lbs of pressure.
The dry process often results in the production of fines, that is, powder that has not agglomerated into granules. These are separated, collected and
PROCESSES
WET METHOD
It differs from the fusion method in that the source of binding agent is not the water of crystallization from the citric acid but the water added to alcohol as the moistening agent, forming the mass of granulation. All of the powders may be ANHYDROUSE as long as water is added to the moistening liquid. Just enough liquid is added (in portions) to prepare a mass of proper consistency until it is prepared and dried in the same