CAMBRIDGE A LEVEL PHYSIC S

WORK, ENERGY, POWER

LEARNING OUTCOMES
NUMB ER i ii iii LEARNING OUTCOME Understand the concept of work What is kinetic energy? Look at the relationship between gravitational forces and gravitational potential energy Apply the principle of conservation of energy What is internal energy? Learn efficiency and concept of useful work What is power?

iv v vi vii

CONCEPT OF WORK
Definition(for

a constant

force): Wo r k i s d e f i n e d a s f o r c e times displacement in the direction of the o f e wr hc er e.

= magnitude of force, N. = displacement of mass, m. = angle between force and displacement vectors.

CONCEPT OF WORK

CONCEPT OF WORK

Work is positive since component of F that is co - linear to displacement vector and displacement vector are in the same direction. Positive work increases the total mechanical energy (kinetic + gravitational potential) energy of the mass. Example 6.4, Chapter 6: WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY, page 178; SEARS AND ZEMANSKYS UNIVERSITY PHYSICS (WITH MODERN PHYSICS); YOUNG, FREEDMAN, BHATHAL; Pearson , Australia 2011.

CONCEPT OF WORK

Work is negative since component of F that is co - linear to displacement vector and displacement vector are in the opposite direction. Negative work decreases the total mechanical energy (kinetic + gravitational potential) energy of the mass. Example 6.4, Chapter 6: WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY, page 178; SEARS AND ZEMANSKYS UNIVERSITY PHYSICS (WITH MODERN PHYSICS); YOUNG, FREEDMAN, BHATHAL; Pearson , Australia 2011.

CONCEPT OF WORK

No work is done since there is no component of F that is parallel to displacement vector. Example 6.4, Chapter 6: WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY, page 178; SEARS AND ZEMANSKYS UNIVERSITY PHYSICS (WITH MODERN PHYSICS); YOUNG, FREEDMAN, BHATHAL; Pearson , Australia 2011.

EXAMPLES

Answers: a.3.60 J; b. 0.90 J; c. 0 J; d. 0 J; e. 2.70 J

Exercise 6.1: Work, page 198, Chapter 6: Work and Kinetic Energy from Sears and Zemanskys University Physics with Modern Physics, 13th edition, by Young, Freedman and Ford ; Addison Wesley, 2012, San Francisco.

EXAMPLES

Answers: a.24 J b.12 J c. 0 J

Question 6, Set 18: WORK, KINETIC ENERGY AND POWER, page 42; PROBLEMS IN PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER, B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw Hill Book Company, Sydney 1985.

EXAMPLES

Question 8, Set 18: WORK, KINETIC ENERGY AND POWER, page 42; PROBLEMS IN PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER, B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw Hill Book Company, Sydney 1985.

EXAMPLES

Answers: a.400 J b.23 N c. 2 m s-2

Question 8 (contd), Set 18: WORK, KINETIC ENERGY AND POWER, page 42; PROBLEMS IN PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER, B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw Hill Book Company, Sydney 1985.

CONCEPT OF WORK (ADDENDUM)

Q:What happens if the work producing the force is not constant? Ans:Use where

or in other words, find the area under the graph of force in direction of displacement versus displacement .
Equation 6.7, Chapter 6: WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY, page 178; SEARS AND ZEMANSKYS UNIVERSITY PHYSICS (WITH MODERN PHYSICS); YOUNG, FREEDMAN, BHATHAL; Pearson , Australia 2011.

KINETIC ENERGY
KINETIC ENERGY
Every moving object has this form of mechanical energy Formula : where: = mass of object, kg A scalar quantity = speed of object , m s-1 Work must be done on/by object or conversion A scalar quantity of energy must occur if objects kinetic energy is Work must be done on/by object or conversion to be changed (either increased or decreased) of energy must occur if objects kinetic energy is to be changed (either increased or decreased)

KINETIC ENERGY
KINETIC ENERGY
Derivation: = when i.e. if object starts from rest. states that work done on object if 0 Assumptions : i. F is the resultant external force in direction of s. ii. All work done on object is positive work. iii. There is no change in height of object. iv. Recall from KINEMATICS chapter
Equation

EXAMPLES
Oct/Nov 2009 Paper 11, Question 14.

EXAMPLES
Oct/Nov 2009 Paper 11, Question 15.

EXAMPLES

Question 14, Set 18: WORK, KINETIC ENERGY AND POWER, page 43; PROBLEMS IN PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER, B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw Hill Book Company, Sydney 1985.

EXAMPLES
8J

2.0 m s-1
Question 14, Set 18: WORK, KINETIC ENERGY AND POWER, page 43; PROBLEMS IN PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER, B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw Hill Book Company, Sydney 1985.

EXAMPLES

c. 32 J, 4 m s-1 ; d. 12 J 12 J
Question 14, Set 18: WORK, KINETIC ENERGY AND POWER, page 43; PROBLEMS IN PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER, B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw Hill Book Company, Sydney 1985.

EXAMPLES
8.0 N s
Question 14, Set 18: WORK, KINETIC ENERGY AND POWER, page 43; PROBLEMS IN PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER, B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw Hill Book Company, Sydney 1985.

EXAMPLES
May/Jun 2011 Paper 12, Question 19.

EXAMPLES
Oct/Nov 2011 Paper 12, Question 15.

HOMEWORK

Answers: a.10,000 J b.10,000 J c. 2,000 N

Question 15, Set 18: WORK, KINETIC ENERGY AND POWER, page 43; PROBLEMS IN PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER, B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw Hill Book Company, Sydney 1985.

HOMEWORK

10 J
10 J

3.74 m s-1

18 J 28 J

Question 11, Set 18: WORK, KINETIC ENERGY AND POWER, page 43; PROBLEMS IN PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER, B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw Hill Book Company, Sydney 1985.

HOMEWORK

Question 16, Set 18: WORK, KINETIC ENERGY AND POWER, page 43; PROBLEMS IN PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER, B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw Hill Book Company, Sydney 1985.

HOMEWORK

Answers: a.1.33 m s-2 b.5.0 J c. 2.0 m s-1

Question 16, Set 18: WORK, KINETIC ENERGY AND POWER, page 43; PROBLEMS IN PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER, B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw Hill Book Company, Sydney 1985.

HOMEWORK

Answer: a.0.4 kg m s-1

Question 18, Set 18: WORK, KINETIC ENERGY AND POWER, page 43; PROBLEMS IN PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER, B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw Hill Book Company, Sydney 1985.

POTENTIAL ENERGY
POTENTIAL ENERGY
GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL ENERGY

ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY

A LITTLE BIT ABOUT G R A V I TAT I O N A L F I E L D S

GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS
How they occur? What effect do they cause? How is it How is it measured? measured? Any Any examples? examples? Gravitational fields exist around ALL objects that have mass. Gravitational fields exert a gravitational force on ANY object that has mass. The value of the gravitational force = . All gravitational fields have a gravitational All gravitational field strength fields . This have value a gravitational depends on field the mass strength of . object This value and depends. on the mass of object and distance distance . The gravitational field that exists around the Earth The gravitational exerts a field gravitational that existsforce around on the Earth ALL objects exerts that have a gravitational mass. Theforce Earths on ALL objects that gravitational field have strength mass. The has a Earths value gravitational of 9.81 N kg-1 field close strength to has or a on value its of 9.81 surface . N kg-1 close to or on its

G R A V I TAT I O N A L POTENTIAL ENERGY

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY
Stored in an object with mass when the object is in the gravitational field of another object, e.g when an apple is placed on the ground . only valid close to Equation surface of object that Formula : provides gravitational field where: = mass of object, kg = gravitational field strength , N kg-1 quantity = height above reference level (altitude), A scalar m A scalar quantity Reference level is chosen arbitrarily. However, the lowest level is almost always set as reference

G R A V I TAT I O N A L POTENTIAL ENERGY

Points to note:

directionof movement

F=mg

Derivation: Recall and since gravitational force. If we replace by we get .

of object decreases when direction of movement is the same as direction of gravitational force of object increases when direction of movement is opposite to direction of gravitational force.

EXAMPLES

Answer: 3190 J
Question 3, Set 19: GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY IN A UNIFORM FIELD, page 44; PROBLEMS IN PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER, B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw Hill Book Company, Sydney 1985.

EXAMPLES
May/Jun 2008 Paper 1, Question 18

EXAMPLES
Oct/Nov 2008 Paper 1, Question 16.

C O N S E R V AT I O N O F ENERGY
Recall: Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only transformed. For closed systems; i.e. where energy cannot be transferred in or out of system:

If only mechanical energy is considered, then the equation becomes:

EXAMPLES

Answers: a. 200 J, b. C, c. 78.5 J, d. 122 J, e. 14.1 m s-1

Question 3, Set 19: GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY IN A UNIFORM FIELD, page 45; PROBLEMS IN PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER, B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw Hill Book Company, Sydney 1985.

EXAMPLES

Question 3, Set 19: GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY IN A UNIFORM FIELD, page 45; PROBLEMS IN PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER, B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw Hill Book Company, Sydney 1985.

C O N S E R V AT I O N O F ENERGY
What happens when there is friction? The frictional force acting on a moving object does work on that object.

or:

C O N S E R V AT I O N O F ENERGY
What happens when there is:
manual effort, or animal effort, or

effort due to a machine / engine?

or,

C O N S E R V AT I O N O F ENERGY

If we combine both situations, we obtain:

EXAMPLES
Oct/Nov 2010 Paper 12, Question 14.

EXAMPLES
May/Jun 2011 Paper 11, Question 15.

HOMEWORK
1. May/June 2008, Paper 1, question 17. 2. Oct/Nov 2008, Paper 1, question 15. 3. Oct/Nov 2008, Paper 1, question 17. 4. Oct/Nov 2010, Paper 12, question 15. 5. Oct/Nov 2010, Paper 12, question 16. 6. May/June 2011, Paper 11, question 9. 7. May/June 2011, Paper 11, question 14

HOMEWORK
8. May/June 2011, Paper 11, question 17. 9. May/June 2011, Paper 21, question 2. 10. Oct/Nov 2011, Paper 11, question 16. 11. Oct/Nov 2011, Paper 11, question 18. 12. Oct/Nov 2011 Paper 12, Question 16. 13. Oct/Nov 2011 Paper 22, Question 2.

INTERNAL ENERGY
The internal energy of an object is the total energy content of ALL its molecules / atoms. The internal energy of an object is also the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of ALL its molecules / atoms.

INTERNAL ENERGY
We can rewrite our equation for conservation of energy by including the internal energy change as:

For example, when a car brakes, the decrease in will be equal to increase in heat energy in the cars tyres.

E FFICIENCY
The efficiency of a device or machine measures how capable the device is in converting input energy into useful work.
These three quantities are related mathematically by:

. The input energy that is not converted into useful work is wasted energy.

EXAMPLES
May/Jun 2008 Paper 1, Question 19.

POWE R
Definition: Power measures the rate at which work is done.
Work done in a shorter time period produces a higher power output compared to the same amount of work done over a longer period of time.

Power could also refer to the rate at which energy is converted into another form. Power measures the performance of a machine / equipment / person / animal.

POWER
POWE Rmeasured as: can be
AVERAGE Power output INSTANTENOUS POWER POWER
Power at a particular time instant over a given time interval, Formula:

POWE R
Another way of expressing power is:

*(provided F is time independent / constant )

EXAMPLES

Answers: a. 6.0 105 J; b. 1.5 104 J ; c. 1.5 104 W

Question 21, Set 18: WORK, KINETIC ENERGY AND POWER, page 44; PROBLEMS IN PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER, B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw Hill Book Company, Sydney 1985.

EXAMPLES

Answers: 22. 7000 W; 25. 1.76 105 W

Questions 22 and 25, Set 18: WORK, KINETIC ENERGY AND POWER, page 44; PROBLEMS IN PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER, B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw Hill Book Company, Sydney 1985.

EXAMPLES
May/June 2010, Paper 11, question 16.

EXAMPLES
Oct/Nov 2010, Paper 11, question 18.

HOMEWORK
1. Oct/Nov 2008, Paper 1, question 18. 2. May/Jun 2009 Paper 1, Question 14. 3. May/June 2010, Paper 11, question 3. 4. May/June 2010, Paper 11, question 15. 5. May/June 2010, Paper 23, question 3. 6. Oct/Nov 2010, Paper 11, question 16. 7. Oct/Nov 2010, Paper 11, question 17. 8. Oct/Nov 2010, Paper 12, question 17.

HOMEWORK
9. May/June 2011, Paper 11, question 16. 10. May/June 2011, Paper 12, question 18. 11. May/June 2011, Paper 22, question 3. 12. Oct/Nov 2011, Paper 11, question 19. 13. Oct/Nov 2011, Paper 12, question 17. 14. Oct/Nov 2011, Paper 22, question 2.