JOINTS

Joints
Articulation (arthrosis) Functions: Holds bones and the like together Bone to bone Bone to cartilage Bone to teeth Flexibility to skeleton allow movement

Classification of Joints: Functional

Functional - based on degree of movement Synarthroses immovable Amphiarthroses slightly movable Diarthroses freely movable

Classification of Joints: Structural

Structural based on what is between articulating bones; presence of a cavity Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial

Fibrous Structural Joints

Bones joined by fibrous tissue (dense CT) Little or no movement 3 types sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses

Fibrous Structural Joints: Sutures

Irregular edges of bone interlock Connected by short dense CT fibers Example: Skull (Synarthroses)

Figure 8.1a Fibrous joints.

(a)

Suture

Joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock. Found only in the skull.

Suture line

Dense fibrous connective tissue

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Fibrous Structural Joints: Syndesmoses

Connected by short ligaments or sheets of dense CT fibers Examples: Tibia/fibula at distal end (Amphiarthroses)

Figure 8.1b Fibrous joints.

(b)

Syndesmosis

Joint held together by a ligament. Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures.

Fibula Tibia

Ligament

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Fibrous Structural Joints: Gomphoses

Peg-in-socket Fibrous joint between a tooth and its alveolar socket (socket in mandible or maxillae) Example: Periodontal ligament

Figure 8.1c Fibrous joints.

(c)

Gomphosis

Peg in socket fibrous joint. Periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket.

Socket of alveolar process

Root of tooth

Periodontal ligament
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Cartilaginous Joints
Connected by plate or pad of cartilage (hyaline or fibrocartilage) 2 types synchondroses and symphyses

Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses

Hyaline cartilage Immovable (synarthroses) Examples: Epiphyseal plate Costal cartilage between rib/sternum

Figure 8.2a Cartilaginous joints.

(a)

Synchondroses

Bones united by hyaline cartilage

Epiphyseal plate (temporary hyaline cartilage joint)

Sternum (manubrium) Joint between first rib and sternum (immovable)

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Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses

Fibrocartilage (broad, flat disc) strength + flexibility Slightly movable (amphiarthroses) Examples: Intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis, meniscus

Figure 8.2b Cartilaginous joints.

(b)

Symphyses

Bones united by fibrocartilage

Body of vertebra Fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc Hyaline cartilage Pubic symphysis

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Synovial Joints
Joint cavity Freely movable (diarthroses) Examples: knee, hip, shoulder, elbow Sacrifice stability for mobility (knee!)

Synovial Joints: General Structure

Joint cavity (fluid-filled space between bones) Articular cartilage (hyaline) on bone surfaces Synovial fluid Lubricate, decrease friction (Slippery, weight-bearing film) Uncooked egg white Supply nutrients/remove wastes from avascular articular cartilage

Figure 8.3 General structure of a synovial joint.

Ligament Joint cavity (contains synovial fluid) Articular (hyaline) cartilage Fibrous capsule Articular Synovial capsule membrane Periosteum

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 Reinforced with ligaments + tendons Bursae fluid-filled sacs between Skin + bone Tendon + bone Muscles + bone Ligaments + bone (Cushions movement over each other)

Figure 8.4 Bursae and tendon sheaths.

Acromion of scapula Coracoacromial ligament Subacromial bursa Joint cavity containing synovial fluid

Coracoacromial ligament Subacromial bursa

Fibrous articular capsule

Cavity in bursa containing synovial fluid

Humerus resting

Tendon sheath

Hyaline cartilage

Bursa rolls and lessens friction.

Synovial membrane Tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle Fibrous capsule Humerus Humerus head rolls medially as arm abducts. Humerus moving

(a) Frontal section through the right shoulder joint

(b) Enlargement of (a), showing how a bursa eliminates friction where a ligament (or other structure) would rub against a bone

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Figure 8.8a The knee joint.

Femur Articular capsule

Posterior cruciate ligament Lateral meniscus Anterior cruciate ligament Tibia

Tendon of quadriceps femoris

Suprapatellar bursa Patella Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa Synovial cavity Lateral meniscus Infrapatellar fat pad Deep infrapatellar bursa Patellar ligament

(a) Sagittal section through the right knee joint

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Figure 8.11a The elbow joint.

Articular capsule
Synovial membrane Humerus Synovial cavity Articular cartilage Fat pad Tendon of triceps muscle Bursa Trochlea Articular cartilage of the trochlear notch Coronoid process Tendon of brachialis muscle Ulna

(a) Median sagittal section through right elbow (lateral view)

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Figure 8.8c The knee joint.

Quadriceps femoris muscle

Tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle

Patella Lateral patellar retinaculum Fibular collateral ligament Fibula (c) Anterior view of right knee
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Medial patellar retinaculum

Tibial collateral ligament

Patellar ligament Tibia

Figure 8.8d The knee joint.

Tendon of adductor magnus Medial head of gastrocnemius muscle Popliteus muscle (cut) Tibial collateral ligament Tendon of semimembranosus muscle

Femur Articular capsule Oblique popliteal ligament Lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle Bursa Fibular collateral ligament

Arcuate popliteal ligament

Tibia

(d) Posterior view of the joint capsule, including ligaments

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Figure 8.10c The shoulder joint.

Acromion Coracoacromial ligament Subacromial bursa Coracohumeral ligament Greater tubercle of humerus

Coracoid process Articular capsule reinforced by glenohumeral ligaments Subscapular bursa Tendon of the subscapularis muscle Scapula

Transverse humeral ligament Tendon sheath Tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle

(c) Anterior view of right shoulder joint capsule

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Figure 8.10d The shoulder joint.

Acromion Coracoid process Articular capsule Glenoid cavity Glenoid labrum Tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle Glenohumeral ligaments Tendon of the subscapularis muscle Scapula

Posterior Anterior (d) Lateral view of socket of right shoulder joint, humerus removed
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Figure 8.11b The elbow joint.

Humerus Anular ligament Radius

Lateral epicondyle
Articular capsule Radial collateral ligament Olecranon process (b) Lateral view of right elbow joint
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Ulna

Figure 8.11d The elbow joint.

Articular capsule Anular ligament Coronoid process Medial epicondyle Ulnar collateral ligament Humerus

Radius

Ulna (d) Medial view of right elbow

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Figure 8.12a The hip joint.

Coxal (hip) bone

Articular cartilage Acetabular labrum

Femur

Ligament of the head of the femur (ligamentum teres)

Synovial cavity Articular capsule (a) Frontal section through the right hip joint
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Figure 8.12c The hip joint.

Iliofemoral ligament Ischium Ischiofemoral ligament Greater trochanter of femur

(c) Posterior view of right hip joint, capsule in place

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Figure 8.12d The hip joint.

Anterior inferior iliac spine

Iliofemoral ligament Pubofemoral ligament

Greater trochanter

(d) Anterior view of right hip joint, capsule in place

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 Fibrocartilage pads within capsule (knee) Nerves Pain Stretch info

Figure 8.8b The knee joint.

Anterior Anterior cruciate ligament Articular cartilage on medial tibial condyle

Articular cartilage on lateral tibial condyle

Medial meniscus Posterior cruciate ligament

Lateral meniscus

(b) Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing the menisci and cruciate ligaments
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Figure 8.8e The knee joint.

Fibular collateral ligament

Lateral condyle of femur Lateral meniscus Tibia

Posterior cruciate ligament Medial condyle

Tibial collateral ligament

Anterior cruciate ligament

Medial meniscus
Patellar ligament

Fibula

Patella Quadriceps tendon

(e) Anterior view of flexed knee, showing the cruciate ligaments (articular capsule removed, and quadriceps tendon cut and reflected distally)
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Figure 8.9 A common knee injury.

Lateral
Hockey puck Patella (outline)

Medial

Tibial collateral ligament (torn) Medial meniscus (torn)

Anterior cruciate ligament (torn)

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Effects of Age
Arthritis - Symptoms include pain, stiffness, and swelling of a joint Decrease production of synovial fluid Thinner articular cartilage Ligaments and tendons shorten and weaken Lose flexibility Intervertebral discs - more likely to herniate Genetic factors contribute Wear + tear effects

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